Abstract

Analytical method was developed for the estimation of Brexpiprazole drug substance by liquid chromatography. The chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 column (Inertsil ODS 3V 150*4.6, 5um) at ambient temperature .the separation achieved employing a mobile phase consists of 0.1%v/v Formic acid in water: Methanol (35:65). The flow rate was 0.8 ml/ minute and ultra violet detector at 315nm. The average retention time for Brexpiprazole found to be 2.27 min the proposed method was validated for selectivity, precision, linearity and accuracy. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. The assay methods were found to be linear from 50-150?g/ml for Brexpiprazole.

Abstract

Floating drug delivery systems are low density systems that float over the gastric content and remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time. They enhance drug bioavailability, reduce drug wastage, and provide controlled drug delivery and better patient compliance. Several approaches are currently being used to prolong the GRT, including floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), also known as hydrodynammically balanced systems (HBS), swelling and expanding systems, high density systems, and other delayed gastric emptying devices. The methodologies used in the development of FDDS by formulating effervescent and non-effervescent floating tablet based on buoyancy mechanism. Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) was to organize the recently focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention time. This review article on FDDS includes the different types of FDDS, polymers used in formulation of FDDS, methods for manufacturing of granules, evaluation parameters.

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to develop and validate a simple, accurate, precise, reproducible and cost effective UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Selexipag. The solvent used throughout the experiment was Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Absorption maximum (?max) of the drug was found to be 306 nm. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out at 306 nm and Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 5-25?g/mL. The approach of this work includes preliminary literature survey followed by the practical method development, applicable to be used on regular basis. The major outcomes of this method includes following: method was shown linear in the mentioned concentrations having line equation y =0.045x-0.039 with correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9963. The recovery values of Selexipag for 80%, 100% and 120% were found to be 99.16%, 99.7% and 99.00% respectively. The percent relative standard deviation (RSD %) of interday precision was 0.490% and intraday precision was 0.28%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.477?g/mL and 1.44?g/mL. The percent relative standard deviation of robustness and ruggedness of the method was 1.78 and 0.38% respectively. It can be concluded that proposed method was precise, accurate and cost effective and it could be applicable for quantitative determination of the bulk drug as well as dosage formulation.

Abstract

This study was performed to develop and characterize a novel solid self- microemulsifying drug delivery system of class IV drug curcumin by spray drying method using Aerosil 200 as the solid carrierfor the purpose of solubility enhancement of curcumin. Solubility of curcumin was determined in various vehicles, including oils, surfactants and co-surfactants. The compatibility study was performed by IR and DSC. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the most efficient self-emulsification region. The optimized liquid SMEDDS for curcumin formulation contained of oil capryol 90, surfactant kolliphor TPGS and co-surfactant PEG 400 in the ratio 3:1:1. The optimum liquid SMEDDS consisted of 4% curcumin, 60% capryol 90, 20% kolliphor TPGS and 20% PEG 400. Solid SMEDDS were also evaluated for flow properties like angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index, bulk density and tapped density. The curcumin liquid and solid SMEDDS formulation rapidly formed fine oil-in-water microemulsion with mean globule size 153±7.4 nm and 169±8.2 respectively. The drug formulated in the solid SMEDDS was quickly and completely dissolved (?90%) within 120 min, both in 0.1N HCl and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 dissolution media, whereas crude curcumin powder was significantly less soluble. The solubility of S-SMEDDS in distilled water was inhanced 151.68 fold and 170.87 fold when determined by UV and HPLC respectively, whereas aqueous solubility of crude curcumin was 0.694?g/ml. This study demonstrates that self-microemulsifying drug delivery system results in significant improvement in solubility and dissolution of very poorly water soluble drug curcumin.

Abstract

Respules are the drugs in aqueous suspension form contained and packed in respiratory ampules, they are administered through inhalation by a device called nebulizer. The purpose of the study is to validate an UPLC method for forced degradation studies of respules which may be useful in quality control of the respiratory drugs in production for human consumption. A specific, precise, accurate and forced degradation UPLC method is validated for estimation of beclomethasone dipropionate in aqueous suspension for nebulizer. The method employed, with Hypersil BDS C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 ?m) column in an gradient mode, with mobile phase of Methanol, 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:35:20 %v/v/v. The flow rate was 0.1 ml/min and effluent was monitored at 239 nm. Retention time was found to be 3.453±0.08 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) etc. in accordance with ICH guidelines. Linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed that there was good linear relationship between response and concentration in the range of 1- 10 ?g/ml respectively. The LOD and LOQ values for were found to be 0.31607(?g/ml) and 0.95781(?g/ml) respectively. No chromatographic interference from respule’s excipients and degradants were found. The proposed method was successfully used for estimation of beclomethasone dipropionate in aqueous suspension for nebulizer (respules form).

Abstract

Paracetamol (PCM) is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and recent findings suggest that it is highly selective for COX-2 and used for headache, low backache. Ondansetron (OND) is a selective serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist used in nausea, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Ondansetron in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved using BDS hypersil C18 column (250 mm, 4.6 mm i.d., 5 ?m) as stationary phase & Phosphate Buffer pH 5.5 : ACN (40:60 V/V). Detection was carried out at 297 nm. The average retention time for PCM and OND were found to be 3.727 and 6.037min. Linearity for PCM and OND were observed in the concentration range from 62.5-187.5 ?g/ml (r2 = 0.999) and 0.5-1.5 ?g/ml (r2 = 0.988). Accuracy of the method was studied by the recovery studies at three different levels 80%, 100% and 120% level. The recovery was found to be within the limits of acceptance criteria with average recovery of 99.62 – 99.87% for PCM and 100.32 – 100.62% for OND. The high precision of proposed method is confirmed by % RSD below 2.0 for repeatability. The proposed simple, accurate and pricise RP-HPLC method was successfully applied for determination of PCM and OND from Lupisetron-Plus tablet dosage form for routine analysis.

Abstract

Objective: To prepare and characterise AnterdhumpadhatiMashi (APM) and BahirdhumPadhatiMashi (BPM) of Cocosnucifera husk. Methods: The APM and BPM were prepared as per theAyurvedicliterature The physicochemical characterization was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay, H2O2 Scavenging Activity, Reducing Power ability. Results: In DSC the region of 80 to 1200C weakening of hydrogen bonds occur with the loss of physically bounded water. This is evident from the weakening of the endothermic peak in both the mashi. An endotherm at 2100C in BPM may be assigned to the condensation product of lignin.PXRD study of confirmed the crystalline form of potassium as potassium chloride sylvite.Peaks at 3647 cm-1 and 3456 cm-1 are assigned to Stretching vibration mode of the OH-, 2889 cm-1, 2857cm-1 indicatesthe aliphatic C-H stretching. The bands between 1480 cm-1 and 1300 cm-1 may be due to the OH bending vibration which indicates the presence of the phenolic group. The bands around 2400 cm-1 denote the presence of C=O stretching indicating that lignin might be rich of methoxy-O-CH3, C-O-C stretching and C=C stretching (aromatic ring) containing compounds.RESULT: BPM is the powerful free radical scavenger. Conclusion: BPM can be use as an antioxidant agent.The findings of the present research work may be helpful for formulation and standardization of APM and BPM in routine analysis.

Abstract

To assess the relationship between Quality Of Life and Capillary Blood Glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital. A randomized prospective controlled study was conducted for a period of 6 months in the General Medicine OPD of SSIMS & RC. Patients enrolled were randomized into test and control groups. Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life -18 Questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of patients. Students‘t’ test was applied. Correlation coefficient method was used. Mean Fasting Blood Sugar levels was decreased in the test group (*P<0.05) and an improvement in mean Quality Of Life scores (*P<0.05) were observed. The correlation between the Fasting Blood Sugar and Quality Of Life scores were highly significant in the test group (*r = -0.556). It was found that all domains were affected by diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus affects the Quality Of Life of patients and proper education play a major role in improving health care outcomes like glycemic control and Quality Of Life. The study observed that, hospital pharmacists can play a key role in the management of Diabetes Mellitus and patient care.

Abstract

The emergence of resistance and tolerance to the existing drugs has created a decreased efficacy of these drugs in use. Along with the advancement in other fields of medicine, the problem of resistance has been tried to be overcome by increasing the drug delivery to the target site by the use of polymers or through nanotechnology, synthesis of new drugs, either by the use of proteomics or synthesis from lactic acid bacteria, or marine microorganisms. Recent research has revealed a potential therapeutic role for the manipulation of the microbiota in the maintenance of human health and treatment of various mucosal disorders. Probiotic microorganisms can shape the immune system both at the local and systemic level which will allow future probiotics as treatments for many diseases. The benefits include either a shortened duration of infections or decreased susceptibility to pathogens. Probiotic bacteria have multiple and various influences on the host. Different organisms can influence the intestinal luminal environment, epithelial and mucosal barrier function, and the mucosal immune system. The numerous cell types affected by probiotics involve epithelial cells, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, B cells, T cells. Probiotics do not always colonize the intestinal tract to exert their effects. Some probiotics like Bifidobacterium longum become part of the human intestinal microflora, whereas others like Lactobacillus casei indirectly exert their effects in a transient manner as they pass through by remodeling or influencing the existing microbial community. The best documented effects of probiotics include bowel disorders such as lactose intolerance, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and infectious diarrhea, emerging evidence accumulates concerning their potential role in various other conditions. In the same time as relevant consumer awareness grows, such products are becoming increasingly popular and tend to represent one of the largest functional food markets.

Abstract

The patient-centered medication management program by the clinical pharmacist has been characterized as a model of health care delivery that improves the patient care. These services are intended to be continuous, team-based, and actively involve patients and their care givers. Despite the critical importance of medication, nonadherence to prescribed drug treatments has been recognized as a problem worldwide and may be the most challenging aspect of treating the patients. Nonadherence to medication has a negative impact on the course of illness resulting in relapse, rehospitalization, longer time to remission, and attempted suicide and also contribute to the already high costs of the disease to healthcare systems. The study aimed to assess the impact of clinical pharmacists in improving medication adherence and quality of life of patients in rural area. A prospective study was conducted in the community setting for duration of 6 months and subjects were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence scale was used to assess medication adherence of patients & WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used for assessing quality of life of patients. A total of 252 subjects were enrolled and relevant data was collected and assessed. Majority of the subjects were found to be medication non-compliant before counselling and were found to adherent after clinical pharmacists counseling, QOL of patients were also improved. Based on the results obtained this study emphasizes that clinical pharmacists counselling play a crucial role in improving medication adherence and quality of life of patients.

Abstract

To appraise the coalmines tidy impact on lung function among coal workers and non-coal workers. This was case-control study. The 140 male coalmines workers and non-coalmines workers, 20-50 years, over one year of working ability were chosen. Study was completed in the Mach, Bolan area, Baluchistan, Pakistan. The Spirometer and self-outlined overview per forma were utilized. The meeting was led and certainties was reported in the review shape and Spirometric tests was accomplished for coalmines specialists and non-coalmines laborers independently. The enlightening factual estimations and (P<0.05) were identified for coal workers and non-coal workers through SPSS 22. The mean estimation of FVC in coal workers was (56.81%) and in non-coal workers was (64.84%). The FEV1 in the coal workers was (62.60%) and in non-coal workers was (73.09%). The PEFR was (71.89%) in coal workers yet in non-coal workers was (84.61%). The FEV1/FVC ratio was (112.95%) in coal workers and in non-coal workers was (113.87%). The FEF25-75% in coal workers was (92.34%) and in non-coal workers was (97.57%). Inquire about discovered that no huge change found among coal workers and non-coal workers. The mean estimation of PEFR, FVC and FEV1 were unmistakably diminished in coal workers than non-coal workers which must be seen and on the off chance that it diminished to half or lesser would do well to be hospitalized in time.

Abstract

Poor physical and chemical stability associated with NLC formulation has been a concern and has taken away the initial attraction in formulating them. Recently it has been reported that the process of lyophilization has been beneficial in improving stability of NLCs (Nanostructured lipid carriers). In the present study Nanostructured lipid carriers of Docetaxel has been formulated using homogenization technique using stearic acid and oleic acid as lipids and soya bean lecithin and poloxamer as surfactant mixture. The optimized lyophilized and non-lyophilized NLCs of Docetaxel formulation was evaluated and compared for its physical stability. From the stability study it can be concluded that process of lyophilization and storage condition significantly influenced the shelf life. The lyophilized product upon storage at 40C, exhibited a long shelf life of 2.73 years. The shelf life of non-lyophilized product and products stored at room temperature was significantly lower. Hence the study concluded that the process of lyophilization significantly improved the stability of the NLC formulations. The stability results revealed that formulations are found to be stable at 40C rather than storage at room temp. Based on this, the study recommended that NLCs should be stored at 40C for the best stability and extended shelf life.

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. A good metabolic control can be achieved by appropriate drug therapy as well as strict diet control, periodical monitoring of blood glucose, and patient education regarding lifestyle modifications and drug therapy adherence. Pharmacists play a vital role in patient education. A Prospective Observational study was conducted for a period of 6 months at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences on known T2DM patients, we aimed to assess the impact of patient counseling on the patient’s blood glucose levels. On daily basis patients who are visiting the general medicine department were screened as per the eligibility criteria after obtaining informed consent. At baseline all the subjects were assessed for their disease status along with the blood glucose levels and counseling was provided at monthly once for 3 months, finally the same data was assessed at the end of the study and compared. A total of 200 subjects were completed the study among them 130 (65%) were females, and 127 were in between 41-60 years. There is a statistical significant decrease was found in patient’s blood glucose levels and the average RBS, FBS, PPBS values of before and after patient counseling are (249.86 ± 37.702 Vs 199.71 ± 29.92), (150.47 ± 11.98 Vs 127.79 ± 10.47) and (161.61 ± 8.86 Vs 135.23 ± 7.18) respectively. With this study we conclude that clinical pharmacist’s education shown the significant improvement in controlling blood glucose levels and the management disease condition.

Abstract

AIMS: To identify the prevalence of antibiotic use in pediatric infections and to counsel the patients or their representatives on the optimal use of antibiotics. METHOD: The study will be conducted in Government General Hospital, Guntur, a tertiary care teaching hospital. The sources of data will include the relevant medical records of the patient along with direct observation of the patient. Socio-demographics of the patient, antibiotic prescribing pattern and associated drug related problems will be considered during the process of data collection. RESULTS: A total of 300 prescriptions were studied to identify the prevalence of antibiotic use in pediatric infections and antibiotics were used in 296 (98.6%) prescriptions with none used in 1.33 % of the patient population. Based on their age, the patient population was divided into 4 groups with infants making the most of the population 37.6 percent (113), toddlers 8.6 percent (26), young child 27.6 percent (83) and child 26 percent (78). CONCLUSION: The study provides data on the use of antibiotics in pediatric population including their prevalence and pattern, the iatrogenic outcomes of antibiotic use in children and the role of patient representative counseling in enhancing improved antibiotic use. Further studies putting emphasis on patient representative counseling in improving antibiotic therapy could be done as the studies on the subject are rather sparse.

Abstract

Pulsatile drug delivery is novel chronotherapeutic drug delivery system. In the present research work pulsatile drug delivery system of Metoprolol tartrate tablets were formulated and developed by employing compression coating technology. Initially the core tablets were prepared by using various concentrations of super disintegrates, the formulated core tablets were coated with the polymers by using compression coating technology. All the core and press coated tablet formulations were subjected to various physical and chemical evaluation tests for core and press coated tablets. The thickness, hardness and weight variation shown by all the tablet formulations were found within the official pharmacopoeial limits. In vitro release of Metoprolol tartrate core tablet formulations F1-F3were conducted, F1 showed faster drug release after 20 min. faster drug release can be correlated with the high disintegration and friability observed in this study. The pulsatile formulations C1, C2, and C3 showed maximum drug release after 3 hour. C5 and C9 showed maximum drug release after 8th hr. Time dependent pulsatile drug delivery system has been achieved from tablet of formulation C5 and C9 with 98.37% and 99.9%.

Abstract

An innovative and comprehensive range of chromogenic reagents or colorimetric reagents are generally used for the application in the field of spectroscopic quantitative and qualitative analysis. There are number of reagents which are mostly utilized for the estimation of pharmaceutical medicinal agents. Functional groups generally present in medicinal drugs determine the way of analyzing them, because they are responsible for the properties of substances and estimate the identification reactions and the methods of quantitative determination of medicinal agents. Knowing the reactions for detecting functional groups, one can easily analyze any medicinal agents with complicated structure. This Reagents review provides information about the different reagents used in the estimation of the compounds by colorimetric methods. In this review reagent preparation, some reaction mechanisms, handling procedures and applications are discussed. This entire review covers the Bratton-Marshall (BM) [Diazotization followed by coupling], 3-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolinone Hydrazone Hydrochloride (MBTH) [oxidative coupling reaction], Para Dimethyl Amino Benzaldehyde (PDAB) and Para Dimethyl Amino Cinnamaldehye (PDAC) [condensation reactions with aromatic aldehydes], Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) [oxidation/reduction], 1,2-Naphtha Quinone-4-Sulphonate Sodium (NQS reagent), 2,6-Dichloro quinone-4-Chloroimide (Gibb's reagent), Bathophenanthroline, 1,10- phenanthroline, 2,2'-Bipyridine [oxidation followed by complex formation], METOL reagents [oxidation followed by charge transfer reaction]. In this review, we decorously summarized and discussed the important analytical chromogenic reagents regularly used in drug analysis by visible spectrophotometric methods. All above listed regents are most extensively used in the estimation of several pharmaceutical compounds. These reagents have a number of applications in the pharmaceutical field and also applied to novel analytical techniques.

Abstract

The present work was conducted to investigate the possible use of epithelial cells from the oral cavity and urinary tract in identifying smoking-related effects in men. Epithelial cells from the oral cavity and urinary tract were collected from 25 smoking and 25 non-smoking men and subjected to micronucleus assay. The DNA damage (cells with micronuclei and nuclear buds), binucleated cells, condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, pyknotic and karyolytic cells were observed after DNA specific staining. The analysis revealed the frequency of binucleated cells and condensed chromatin cells in 25 studied men with smoking habit, statistically significant differences were noted only in epithelial cells from the oral cavity in comparison to those of the urinary tract. In non-smokers the results demonstrated no differences in cytogenetic damage frequency in cells collected from the oral cavity and isolated from the urine. The differences in the observed frequencies of micronuclei in buccal and urothelial cells could be an effect of the smoking in the sampled group, smoking pattern of the men and the number of cigarettes smoked per day.

Abstract

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to increase therapeutics efficacy, reduce frequency of administration and improve patient compliance by developing Sustained release matrix tablets of tramadol hydrochloride using carbopol as rate controlling polymer. Total four formulations ware prepared by using different drug:polymer concentration ratio and subjected to various precompression and post compression parameters. The results ware found with in pharmacopoeial standards for all formualtions. Among the formulation tablets of batch F3 found optimized showed sustained drug release for 12 h. When these dissolution profiles were subjected to various kinetic release investigations and it was observed that the mechanism of drug release was diffusion controlled with a minor contribution from polymeric relaxation. It was found that optimized formulation F3 showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, hardness and in vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 45 °C/75% RH for three months. From the study it was concluded that use of carbopol is good choice as rate controlling polymer for the preparation of sustained release tablets.

Abstract

Plants get all types of nutrients from the soil either by the direct assimilation of nutrients from the soil or through various other pathways like their association with bacteria and fungi. Rhizospheric soil fungi and their association, isolation, identification and characterization with two plants viz Nepeta cataria L. and Rumex dentatus L. have been analysed. The fungi isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Nepeta cateria are Rhizopus stolonifer, Pencillium notatum, Pencillium sp. and Aspergillus niger. While the fungi isolated from rhizosphere of Rumex dentatus are Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Pencillium notatum. Among these fungi the highest frequency was of Pencillium sp. (100%) in case of Nepeta cateria followed by Rhizopus stolonifer (80%), Penicillium notatum (60%) and Aspergillus niger (60%). While in case of Rumex dentatus, the highest frequency was observed in both Rhizopus stolonifer (100%) and Pencillium notatum (100%) followed by Aspergillus niger (80%).

Abstract

Anesthesia is temporarily induced loss of sensation. It includes -analgesia(loss of pain), amnesia(loss of memory),unconsciousness (reversible loss of consciousness that is coma not sleep), paralysis(muscle relaxation).Anesthesia is given to control pain during surgery by medicines called ANESTHETICS which may have all or few of the properties mentioned above based on the type of anesthesia. Different end points for different anesthesia. This review encompasses a complete understanding of anesthesia, its types, pre anesthetic checkup, preoperative fasting, anesthesia administration, and the risk associated. CONCLUSION: Realizing the importance of anesthesia, and to reduce the risk associated with is important. With the complete understanding of pre-anesthetic checkup helps the patients to provide complete & correct information which helps the anesthesiologist to formulate effective anesthetic plan. Understanding of preoperative fasting the risk of aspiration pneumonia which is a life threatening condition can be minimized and excessive fasting which leads to dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, hypoglycaemia (particularly in children), insulin resistance, headaches, confusion, irritability, anxiety and nausea and vomiting can be reduced. With complete understanding Health care professionals can corporate with patients & the anesthesiologist to formulate effective anesthetic plan for better therapeutic outcome.

Abstract

Background: The major ailments that command our attention today are Heart diseases, Stroke, Diabetes, AIDS, Cancer and mental disorders and, these are the object of our fears, While the physical symptoms are the leading reason for outpatient visits, a substantial proportion of physical complaints and minor illnesses remain poorly understood .Data shows that OPD visits for non-specific(62million) is more than for the known chronic ailments (17million )(1),The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of symptoms and diseases in outpatient departments of general medicine in a tertiary care hospital. AIM – To Study the disease profiles in 2000 patients attending to outpatient departments of General medicine Government General Hospital, Guntur: A Clinical Pharmacist’s opinion, between Februarys to June 2016. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and incidence of symptoms, diseases in common population. METHOD: The present study was a Non experimental prospective study conducted at Government General Hospital, Guntur during the period from February to June 2016.Patients attending the general medicine department with age >15 years, Patient’s demographic data were collected and evaluated. The collected data was analysed. RESULTS: In this study a 2000 patient data was collected and compiled in which minor illnesses account for 51.25% of the problems, which include Headache, Acid peptic disease, Myalgia’s, Fever etc. in the order of presentation. The major illnesses which include Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Gastritis, Cerebrovascular accident, etc. accounts for 33.60%. 15.15% diseases account for rare illnesses related to different systems which include Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Central Nervous System.CONCLUSION: Minor ailments are predominantly seen than major diseases in Out-patient visits, because patients who participated in this study are from low socio economic status who lack knowledge about health care measures, so clinical pharmacists can provide counselling to patients about their dietary habits, personal hygiene, and disease prevention modalities and most importantly about their medications and side effects can reduce the morbidity.

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to screen phytochemical derivatives from an Indian medicinal plant Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees and to evaluate its antioxidant potential. A preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out in plant extracts using qualitative and quantitative methods. Polar solvents showed presence of tannins, glycosides, proteins and organic acids while non-polar solvents showed presence of steroids, triterpenes and polysaccharides. The study concludes that the methanolic seed extract of plant possesses potent antibacterial property and justifies the need for further investigations and characterization of the bioactive compounds present in it. Based on the antioxidant assay results it was found that methanol extract exhibited better free radical scavenging activity than other extracts. The methanol extract exhibited highest DPPH scavenging activity exhibited best antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 51.98 mg/mL. Among the different extracts, methanol was more effective in all the antioxidant assays i.e. DPPH radical scavenging assay and superoxide scavenging assay.

Abstract

This paper aims on Characterization and antimicrobial activities of some transition metal complexes with their heterocyclic ligands. It is better to elucidate structure of a new compound based on the experimental evidence or observation (eg IR, NMR etc) than predicting it based on the proposed reaction mechanism. The mechanism may or may not be exact route or the predicted product may or may not be the only final product predicted. Many heterocyclic ligands show good antimicrobial activities and these activities increase very much when they form complexes with metal. This shows that antimicrobial activities of metal complexes depend more on the metal center itself in addition to the structure of ligands and on the geometry around the metal ion.

Abstract

The main objective of the study is to develop a simple, accurate and explicit RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Thiamine and Caffeine in tablet dosage form. An Agilent C18, 25 cm x 4.6mm X 5 ?m column is used for the estrangement of drugs by a mobile phase consisting of water : methanol : ACN mixture in the ratio of 68:29:03 v/v. The flow rate maintained was 1.0 mL/min and the wavelength used for detection was 275 nm. The linearity was observed in the range of 10-200?g/ml for Thiamine (TH) and Caffeine (CF) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995 and 0.9992 respectively. The mean percentage recoveries for 80%, 100% and 120% accuracy were found to be 101.7% ± 2.09, 100% ± 2.49 and 101.5% ± 1.61 respectively for TH and CF. Linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness parameters were estimated for validation. The developed method was simple, precise, less time consuming with accurate results can be utilized in the routine analysis and quantification of TH and CF tablets.

Abstract

Increasing knowledge and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors has led to a decline in mortality rates in developed countries however the problem continues to escalate globally because rates in developing countries are increasing rapidly. The Main Objective of this review is saying about the today’s concept of vulnerable plaque has evolved primarily from the early pioneering work uncovering the pivotal role of plaque rupture and coronary thrombosis as the major cause of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. The delivery of the Nanoparticles directly into the blood stream to provide enhanced activity of the unstable plaque in the diagnosis of plaque rupture and may ultimately permit targeted delivery of therapies directly to the site of vascular injury. These nanoparticles as Orodispersable tablets have been successfully used in therapy and there is still no compendia method of their disintegration time. The oral route of administration continues to be the most preferred route due to its diverse advantages including ease of administration, precise dosage, self-medication, versatility and most importantly patient compliance. These methods of formulation shown that development of novel biorelevant methods of ODT’s disintegration time determination is eligible. All these aspects should be taken into consideration during the novel methods development process.

Abstract

The objective of the present research is to develop glipizide spherical agglomerates with improved solubility, flow and compression characteristics by novel crystallization technique. Glipizide was dissolved in 30ml dichloromethane (good solvent) and stirred. 100ml of water (poor solvent) was added and continued stirring. 5ml of chloroform (bridging liquid) was added and stirred at 1000rpm for 40 minutes to precipitate glipizide. Agglomeration process was optimized for parameters like speed and duration of agitation, volume of bridging liquid added. The precipitated particles were filtered and dried at 40°C. Spherical agglomerates were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, DSC and SEM and its results revealed that there is no physical or chemical interaction existed in agglomerates. Spherical agglomerates exhibited decreased crystallinity and improved micromeritic properties (bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, angle of repose). The obtained agglomerates of glipizide were spherical and dissolution rates were faster and exhibited improved solubility, dissolution rate and micromeritic properties than pure drug. Direct compressible tablets of the glipizide agglomerates showed hardness, friability and weight variation appropriately with improved drug release. Among the different control release polymers Caesalpinia spinosa(natural mucoadhesive polymer) was showing highest drug release retarding capacity. F2 was showing the satisfactory results and having better sustainability. When we plot the release rate kinetics for best formulation f2 was following zero order because correlation coefficient value of zero order is more than first order value. F2 formulation diffusion exponent n value is 0.45< n >0.89 so they are following Anomalous (Non- Fickian) diffusion. It indicates that the prepared spherical agglomerates gives good yield when compared to that of the pure drug.

Abstract

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important bulb vegetable, which is used as spice and flavoring agent for foods. It is an important crop grown in the hills of Tamilnadu. Garlic is rich in nutrients and used medicinally to cure number of diseases. In order to improve the productivity and high nutrient content of Garlic, biofertilizers are recommended. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi gained significant importance in horticulture, agriculture etc. Hence in the present study, the effect of sodium alginate entrapped AMF inoculum in growth and nutrition of Garlic varieties in Nilgiri District was investigated. Inoculation with AMF, G. aggregatum as alginate entrapped inoculum produced plants with greater height, number of leaves, plant biomass, sizes of bulb and increased nutrition viz., nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of Garlic varieties when compared to the control. Different carrier based sodium alginate entrapped G. aggregatum against varieties of Garlic were also analysed.  It is concluded that the native strain of G. aggregatum along with the sodium alginate entrapped inoculum is suitable for the cultivation of native garlic varieties in Nilgiris District.

Abstract

Objective: To develop and validate stability indicating HPTLC method for determination of Rilpivirine and Dolutegravir Sodium Methods: The chromatographic development was carried out on aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 as stationary phase using Toluene: Methanol: Ethyl acetate: Tri Ethyl Amine (5.5:1:1.5:0.1 v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Detection wavelength chosen was 258 nm. Result: The retention factor (Rf) for Rilpivirine was found to be 0.52 ± 0.02 and retention factor (Rf) for Dolutegravir Sodium was found to be 0.24± 0.02. The drugs were subjected to stress testing as per ICH Q1A (R2).There was no interference of any degradant at Rf of Rilpivirine and Dolutegravir Sodium. The developed method was successfully validated according to ICH Q2R1 guidelines. The calibration curve was found to be linear over a range of 400 - 2000 ng/ band. The accuracy of the method is indicated by good recovery in the range of 95.49% - 101.66% for Rilpivirine and of Dolutegravir Sodium 99.16% - 101.48% with less than 2% of RSD. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of Rilpivirine was found to be LOD-123.75 ng/band and LOQ-375.01 ng/band and for Dolutegravir Sodium was found to be LOD-109.03ng/band and 330.41ng/band. Conclusion: A new simple, accurate, precise and specific stability- indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for determination of Rilpivirine and Dolutegravir Sodium in combination. We have developed HPTLC method wherein the stress conditions were optimized to achieve 10-30 % degradation.

Abstract

Background: Migraine poses recognizable burden on the individuals suffering from this disorder in terms of impaired quality of life and financial costs. It was found that adequate education helps the patient to understand the importance of medication adherence to achieve the desired therapeutic goals. Aim: The main aim of the study was to improve the overall quality of life of migraine patients by providing proper education regarding medication adherence. Objective: The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of patient education on improving medication adherence behavior in migraine patients. Method: This study was a prospective randomized study conducted over a period of 9 months at the outpatient department of Neurology, JSS Medical College Hospital, Mysore which is a multispecialty tertiary care teaching hospital. Education regarding disease, medication, diet, and lifestyle modification was provided at baseline visit and at each follow‐up visit to the test group patients. The control group patients received detailed education only at the final follow‐up visit. Patient’s medication adherence was assessed in each follow up visits with the help of Morisky’s Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Difference in the scoring at the time of first, second and third follow up visits was compared and the difference in percentage was calculated. Results: A total of 190 patients were enrolled in the study. Out of which 168 completed all the study follow ups.  The main outcome of our study was a significant increase in the MMAS score of the test patients (educated patients) from follow up 1 to follow up 3. The mean scores of the medication adherence in the control patients were not consistent in the follow ups. Conclusion: This study concluded that patient education has a significant role in improving medication adherence in patients with migraine. This study provides an overview of adherence behavior in migraine patients and the significance of educating patients for improving medication adherence behavior and thereby improving the overall quality of life in migraine patients.

Abstract

Peltophorum pterocarpum belongs to the family caesalpiniaceae and traditionally it is proved to be used in the treatment of stomatitis, insomnia, constipation, ringworm, dysentery, muscular pains, sores and skin disorders. The objective of the study is to evaluate the antiarthritic activity of ethanolic extravt Peltophorum pterocarpum flowers by using protein denaturation method. The inhibition of protein denaturation was taken as a measure of the invitro anti-arthritic activity. The maximum percentage inhibition of protein denaturation for Peltophorum pterocarpum flower extracts were found to be 75.42±1.92%, 83.01±1.33% and 87.67±1.21% respectively at a dose of 600, 800, 1000 μg/ml. When compared to standard diclofenac sodium was found out to be 82.0±1.63%, 87.77±1.08% and 91.54±0.80% respectively at a dose of 600, 800, 1000 μg/ml. in conclusion the results support the use of ethanolic extravt Peltophorum pterocarpum flowers in treating arthritis.

Abstract

Chemical constituents of ethanolic extract of Symphorema polyandrum Wight. seeds have been evaluated by GC/MS using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and comparison of spectral data with that available in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of pentadecanoic acid,14-methyl-,methyl ester (4.74%), n-hexanedecanoic acid (14.45%), oleic acid (12.90%), octadecanoic acid (14.10%), octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (4.73%) and (Z)-6-Octadecenoic acid (6.45%). Besides, physicochemical analysis of S. polyandrum as well as preliminary phytochemical studies of different plant parts has been reported.