Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases that present areal public health problems worldwide. Chemotherapy has several limitations such as toxic side effects, high costs, frequent relapses, the development of resistance and the requirement for long-term treatment.  Effective vaccines or drugs to prevent or cure the disease are not available yet. Therefore, it is important to dissect antileishmanial molecules that present a selective efficacy and tolerable safety. The aim of this review is to update and summarize the investigations that have been undertaken on the antileishmanial activity of alkaloid compounds and their derivatives from January 1990 to September 2022. In this review, 183 alkaloid compounds have been identified with anti-Leishmania activities against amastigotes and/or promastigotes of different species. with respect to the test methods, 83.6% of studies were carried in vitro, while 16.4% of them were performed using in vivo assays. For in vitro assay, 153 alkaloid compounds were screened in vitro for anti-leishmanial activities against different Leishmania species (L. infantum, L. tropica, L. major, L. amazonensis, L. donovani, L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L. guyanensis, L. chagasi and L. mexicana) and life cycle forms (amastigotes and/or promastigotes). The IC₅₀ value for in vitro assay was in a range of 0.13 to 100 µg/ml, among 226 test studied, the highly active was found 62.3% (141), moderately and weak activity represent 31.5% (71) and 6.2 % (14) respectively. For in vivo assay, among 30 alkaloid compounds were studied in vivo against cutaneous and visceral leishmania of different species. The highest activity against cutaneous leishmaniasis was exhibited by Berberine (0.5% cream, twice a day for 35 days, Topically) against L. major which produced 99.9% reduction of parasites load in the skin and the highest activity against visceral leishmaniasis was shown by the 2-n-propylquinoline (oral administration at 0.54 mmol/kg for 5 and 10 days) against L. donvani which suppresses liver parasites by 87.8 and 99.9%, respectively. In conclusion, numerous alkaloid compounds have demonstrated a diverse range of activities against leishmaniasis with strong activities (IC50 <10 µg/mL). These compounds provide promising potential sources and reasonable starting points for the development of effective and affordable novel drugs.

The formulation development is important part of pharmaceutical development and essential for therapeutic and commercial success of product by providing quality, safety and efficiency. Conventional drug delivery involves the formulation of the drug into a suitable form, such as a compressed tablet for oral administration or a solution for intravenous administration. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) are carriers which maintain the drug concentration in therapeutic range for longer period of time. The amount of drug in a tablet can be a limiting step in formulation design. Oral liquids are formulated as solutions, suspensions and emulsions depending on the nature of the active ingredient particularly solubility and stability. In formulation of any dosage form the various excipients such as coloring agent, flavoring agents, glidandants, binders etc. are added. Gastroretentive dosage forms greatly improved the pharmacotherapy of the Parenteral preparation should be isotonic with blood plasma or other body fluids. The isotonicity of the solution may be adjusted by adding sodium chloride, dextrose and boric acid etc. GIT through local drug release In this article formulation of conventional such as tablets, capsules, semisolids, etc. and in NDDS formulation of Controlled drug delivery system, GRDDS etc. are given. Nose to brain drug delivery system in which drug transport through nasal route to CNS(central nervous system). The main aim of these review is providing a needfull information of excipients and various
apporoaches are used in conventional drug delivery system and novel drug delivery system.

Contact lens use has become more prevalent around the world and the associated ocular difficulties include microbial keratitis, redness, conjunctivitis, polymicrobial keratitis, contact lens-related corneal ulcer, and dry eyes. The use of an efficient multipurpose contact lens solution exhibiting a cleaning, disinfecting, lubricating, deproteinizing, and wetting effect would reduce the complications addressed by the use of contact lenses. Most of the currently
available marketed formulations contain first-generation and second-generation antimicrobial agents having various drawbacks of corneal staining, antimicrobial resistance, etc. Medicinal plants have been used as a traditional treatment for ocular diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. Hence the use of herbal ingredients in these formulations could be promoted as they are more compatible with the human body, and has fewer side effects. This review explains contact lens induced microbial keratitis, multipurpose contact lens solution for its treatment, and various herbal medicines that are used for ocular disease treatment.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body, protecting it from the external environment. Despite their strong self-regeneration capability, severe skin abnormalities do not heal on their own and must be covered with skin substitutes. Silk fibroin has the potential to be used in tissue engineering. We discuss our opinion of its utility as a biomaterial for tissue reconstruction in diverse organs, with a particular emphasis on wound healing. We cover the various methods for preparing regenerated silk fibroin, as well as their benefits and drawbacks, in addition to the key scaffold systems for wound management. We conclude that fibroin is a promising choice for further research due to its strength, structural flexibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential for modification.