Abstract

Since the time immemorial plants have been in use as sources of medicine throughout the world. The demand for plant-based medicines is ever growing as crude or processed products from plants have less or no adverse effects. Obesity is a global epidemic and most common disorder in the world. Obesity refers to an abnormally high proportion of total body fat. It results from less physical work and more mental work existing, in our present day living and working conditions. Traditiona herbal medicines have more acceptance than prescriptional drugs in many cultures with epidemics of obesity. Here an attempt has been made to discuss about the antiobesity activity of various herbal plants. In India most of the people is facing the problem of obesity. Garlic, Guggul, pride of India, Nutmeg, Black Pepper, Tamarind are the most commonly used herbal drugs in India for the treatment of obesity due to effective decrease in cholesterogenesis.Cabbage an excellent home remedy for obesity due to the presence of a valuable chemical tartaricacid present in this vegetable which inhibits the conversion of sugar and other carbohydrates into fat. Piperine is the active principle found in Black pepper which will reduces the levels of plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).

Abstract

Granulation is one of the most significant unit maneuvers in the production of
pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms. Granulation process imparts improvement
in flow and compression characteristic, decreases isolation, improves content
uniformity, and avoids excessive fines. The results will be improved yields,
reduced tablet defects, increased productivity, and reduced down time. A
pharmaceutical organization employs different techniques such as directcompressing,
wet-granulation, or dry granulation methods for the production of
pharmaceutical products. The method of selection depends on the ingredients
individual characteristics and ability to properly flow, compresses, eject, and
disintegrate. Proper granulation process requires thorough knowledge of each
ingredient in the formula, the combination of ingredients, and how they work with
each other.

Abstract

L-Arginine is an amino acid that has numerous functions in the body. In the body L-Arginine is used to make nitric oxide which reduces blood vessels Stiffness, increases blood flow and improves blood vessel function. L-Arginine also used for erectile dysfunction by enhancing the action of Nitric Oxide, which relaxes muscle surrounding blood vessels supplying to the penis. As a result blood vessels in the penis dilate, increasing blood flow which helps to maintain an erection. Due to its less biological half life i.e., ≥ 1hours in India L-Arginine was available in 5-8 gms of granules and 1050 mg capsule and intake of dose is twice daily whose dosage quantity is much more. This can be overcome by formulating Sustained Release tablet of L-Arginine 525 mg twice daily. The tablet can be developed with the combination of 30% HPMC- K 100 and HPMC -K 15 M Polymer which can retard the drug release up to 12 hours.

Utilizing the concept of incorporating drug in to the polymer matrices and extend the
drug release for prolong period of time, an attempt was made to design and evaluate
extended release capsules of acetazolamide using extended release polymers. The
initial three formulations of Acetazolamide ER capsules were formulated with Ethyl
cellulose N-7, Benecel (HPMC 15M) and Natrosol (HHX Pharm) with concentrations
of 11%, 13% and 15% respectively. However satisfactory results were not obtained
these polymers and it was decided to proceed further with high viscosity polymers
which would effectively sustain the release of drug. The F1 - F16 batches were taken
with different concentrations of Eudragit RS100 and Eudragit RL100. The
combinations of these polymers in different proportions provide varied sustained
release profiles. The optimized formulation (F12) was developed by using Eudragit
RS100 (6%) and Eudragit RL100 (4%). The dissolution profiles of formulation F12
and innovator product were compared by calculating differential factor (f1) and
similarity factor (f2). The f1 and f2 were found to be 2.97 and 69.70 respectively for
the comparison of dissolution profiles of formulation F12 and innovator product.
Infrared Spectroscopy studies were showed sharp characteristic peaks for
Acetazolamide at different wave numbers. All the above peaks appeared in optimised
formulation at same wave numbers, indicating no interaction between the drug and
the polymer. The stability studies on Acetazolamide ER capsules 500 mg in HDPE
container at 400C / 75 % RH were conducted as per ICH protocol and no significant
change was observed in the assay value after a storage period of 1 month at 400C / 75
% RH and 2 months at 400C / 75 % RH.

A simple efficient, precise and accurate spectroscopic method has been developed and
validated for quantitative estimation of Naratriptan Hydrochloride in bulk and
pharmaceutical dosage form. Naratriptan is dissolved in distilled water and the resulting
solution was then scanned in the UV range (200-400nm) in a 10 mm quartz cell in a
double beam UV spectrophotometer. The ?max of Naratriptan was found to be
223nm.The method obey’s Beers law in the concentration range from 2-12 ?g/ml. The
correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9998 (r2? 0.9998). The LOD and LOQ were
found to be 0.4362 and 1.3265?g/ ml respectively. The result of estimation of marketed
tablet formulation (Amerge) was found to be 99.47% with their % RSD 0.4362.The
accuracy of the method was determined by recovery studies. The percentage recovery
was found to be 99.83%. The method was validated statistically as per ICH guidelines.
The method showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD less than 2. So, the
proposed method was found to be simple, specific, precise, accuracy, linear, and rugged.
Hence it can be applied for routine analysis of Naratriptan in bulk drug and the
Pharmaceutical formulations.

Different organic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Swietenia mahagoni L (Meliaceae) were screened for their antimicrobial activity against seven human pathogenic bacteria and two fungal strains by plate hole diffusion assay to determine the growth inhibition of microorganisms. The medicinal plant appear to have a broad antimicrobial activity spectrum, they could be useful in antiseptic, disinfectant and other antimicrobial agent formulation. Among the various micro organisms, the methanolic extract was more active against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. In antifungal activity of the methanolic extract shows positive results for fungus. 

The purpose of this research was to develop a matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system containing drug Aceclofenac with different ratios of hydrophilic (hydroxyl propyl cellulose) and hydrophobic (ethyl cellulose) polymeric systems by the solvent evaporation technique by using 15 % w/w of dibutyl phthalate to the polymer weight, incorporated as plasticizer. Different concentrations of oleic acid and isopropyl myristate were used to enhance the transdermal permeation of Torasemide. Formulated transdermal films were physically evaluated with regard to thickness, weight variation, drug content, flatness, tensile strength, folding endurance, percentage of moisture content and water vapour transmission rate. All prepared formulations indicated good physical stability. In-vitro permeation studies of formulations were performed by using Franz diffusion cells. Formulation prepared with hydrophilic polymer containing permeation enhancer showed best in-vitro skin permeation through rat skin (Wistar albino rat) as compared to all other formulations. The results followed the release profile of Aceclofenac followed mixed zero-order and first-order kinetics in different formulation. However, the release profile of the optimized formulation F4 (r2 = 0.9935 for Higuchi) indicated that the permeation of the drug from the patches was governed by a diffusion mechanism. These results indicate that the formulation containing the F4 [CAP: PVP (6:1)] has shown optimum release in concentration independent manner. 

The drug delivery system described here is based on a virus like particle consisting of the
recombinant expressed major capsid protein of Polyomavirus, VP1. Polyoma, a murine
virus belonging to the Papovaviridae, forms a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid. These
capsids are organized as a double shell composed of three different proteins: VP1, VP2 and
VP3. The outer shell of the virus is composed of 360 VP1 molecules arranged as 72
pentamers. These capsids have a diameter of about 50 nm. The VP1 protein acts as a major
ligand for certain membrane receptors during virus infection. VLPs have demonstrated their
potential in transfecting mammalian cells. In the case of cell transfection, the VLPs are
bound to sialic acid residues which are present on almost all cells of higher eukaryotes. To
achieve a cell type specific targeting of this potential useful vector system, new functional
domains have been established on the surface of VP1. Virus like particles displays an
excellent system for drug delivery in vitro and In-vivo. The diameter of the capsid amounts
to approximately 50 nm and whereas the diameter of the pentamers adds up to 8.5 nm.
Beyer et. al. described the great potential of VP1 capsids as heterologous drug carriers,
especially for the delivery of foreign protein antigens. VLPs were well suited for evoking a
protective immune response on several routs of vaccine administration. Both, humoral and
cellmediated immunity was observed. The prominent advantage of these drug delivery
devices was presented by the capacity to target antigenic proteins or DNA vaccines to
immature dendritic cells along their maturation pathway. VP1-VLPs are shown to be a
useful tool to incorporate not only DNA but also small biological molecules and to improve
the specifical delivery of these molecules to their target cells.