BACKGROUND: Although the routine testing of pregnant women for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antibody is an integral part of Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT) prevention programs, there is still a high rate of MTCT that can be attributed to early acute infection or existence of infected HIV antibody sero- negative pregnant women. AIM: The current study assessed the prevalence of HIV P24 antigens and MTCT rate among pregnant women with HIV antibody sero-negative status aged between 20 years to 49 years in Calabar, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: About 5ml of blood samples were collected from consented 400 apparently healthy pregnant women and initially analyzed for HIV 1 & 2 antibodies using DetermineTM HIV-1/2, Stat-Pak HIV-1/2 and HIV UniGold rapid test kit respectively and P24 antigen using DetermineTM HIV-1 & 2 P24 Ag/ Ab Combo test kit. RESULTS: About 12 (3%), 10 (2.5%) and 9 (2.25%) subjects were reactive to Determine HIV 1&, Stat Pak and UniGold test kits respectively with no statistically significant difference between results among study groups (p=0.3065).While 15 (3.75%), 12 (3.0%) and 10 (2.5%) respectively of the 388, 390 and 391 subjects who were initially non-reactive for the three HIV antibody kits became reactive to HIV P24 core antigens with no statistically significant difference between the three antibody test kits and HIV P24 antigen tests (P=0.901). CONCLUSION: The current study found that the prevalence rate of HIV 1&2 P24 core antigen was 1.25 % and MTCT rate was 7.75% in the study population. 

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify Drug-Drug Interaction among the inpatient admitted in ICU and the Medical Ward of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. METHOD: This study was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of 6 months from July 2016 to January 2017 among inpatients of ICU and Medical Ward. The prescriptions having 2 or more drug and where DDIs was suspected were selected. The drugs in the prescription were analyzed through drug interaction checker software. The DDIs were classified based on the severity of Interactions, mechanism of interaction, the relation of disease and drug interaction, and the total number of drug prescribed were determined. RESULT: There was a total of 225 patients in our study. Out of 225(100%) total patients who had drug-drug interactions, There were a total of 72(32%) patients in ICU and a total of 153(68%) patient in the Medical Ward. An average of 7.625 drugs per prescription was prescribed in ICU and an average of 5.70 drugs per prescription were prescribed in Medical Ward. There were 1333 drug-drug interaction. Among them, 523 DDIs were in ICU and 810 DDIs were in the Medical Ward. A severity assessment showed that in both ICU and Medical ward, majority of interaction were moderate followed by minor interaction. In ICU (57.93%) and in the Medical Ward (62.96%) were moderate drug interaction respectively. On assessing the mechanism of DDIs, pharmacodynamic interaction in ICU were (34.99%) which was higher than pharmacokinetic interaction which was (33.46%) followed by unknown mechanism (31.54%). Whereas in Medical ward most of the interaction was pharmacokinetic Interaction (45.55%) followed by an unknown mechanism (30.74%) and pharmacodynamic interaction (23.70%). Finding of this study showed that cardiovascular disease had (24.28%) and respiratory disease had (18.54%) DDIs in ICU. Similarly, in the Medical Ward cardiovascular disease had (36.79%) and respiratory disease had (23.33%) DDIs. This study result showed that as the number of drug increases in a prescription, the number of DDIs also increases. The management required for DDIs in the study was Dosage adjustment which was 16% followed by monitoring drug level which was 15%. CONCLUSION: A significant number of drug interactions were seen in the prescription of the inpatient of ICU and Medical ward. The most prevailing interaction was Moderate interaction which was the highest number followed by minor interaction. Polypharmacy was the major factor responsible for DDIs. This study highlights the need for intense monitoring of patients to help detect and prevent them from serious health hazards associated with DDIs. 

New bioanalytical method developed for determination of valsartan is highly accurate, sensitive, precise, robust. This analytical method developed can also be applied for determination of valsartan in bulk drug and in formulation also. Validation is performed as per ICH guidelines. A new method was established for estimation of Valsartan by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Valsartan by using Kromosil C18 4.5×150 mm 5.0 ?m, flow rate was 0.8ml/min, and mobile phase ratio was 75:25% v/v ACE: di-potassium hydrogen phosphate, detection wavelength was 247 nm. The instrument used was WATERS HPLC Auto Sampler, Separation module 2695, photo diode array detector 996, Empower-software version-2. The retention times were found to be 6.323 mins. The % purity of Valsartan was found to be 99.87%. The system suitability parameters for Valsartan such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 4146, 1.23. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The linearity study of Valsartan was found in concentration range of 30?g-150?g and correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.997, % recovery was found to be 100.4%, % RSD for repeatability was 0.5, % RSD for intermediate precision was 1.0. The precision study was precision, robustness and repeatability. LOD value was 2.97 and LOQ value was 9.92. Hence the suggested RP-HPLC method can be used for routine analysis of Valsartan in API and Pharmaceutical dosage form. 

A new method is established for estimation of Carvedilol by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Carvedilol by using Agilent column (4.6×150mm) 5?, flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, mobile phase ratio was di-potassium hydrogen phosphate: MeoH (25:75% v/v),detection wavelength was 270 nm. The instrument used was WATERS HPLC Auto Sampler, Separation module 2695, photo diode array detector 996, Empower-software version-2. The retention times were found to be 5.242 mins. The % purity of Carvedilol was found to be 98.56%. The system suitability parameters for Carvedilol such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 4343.2, 1.6. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The linearity study of Carvedilol was found in concentration range of 20?g-100?g and correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999, % recovery was found to be 98.96%, % RSD for repeatability was 0.3, % RSD for intermediate precision was 0.8. The precision study was precision, robustness and repeatabilty. LOD value was 0.7 and LOQ value was 0.13. Hence the suggested RP-HPLC method can be used for routine analysis of Carvedilol in API and Pharmaceutical dosage for 

Clinical pharmacy is a pharmacy division with the science and practice of rational medication use. The study aim at implementing clinical pharmacy services by clinical pharmacists in oncology department to get desired therapeutic outcomes. The objectives of study includes Prescription analysis, preventing the medication related problems, over dose, performing drug use evaluation, providing drug information, patient counseling, drug interactions identification and Adverse drug reaction, improving the patient safety initiatives and health related outcomes, reducing work burden of physicians, providing improved therapy to the large amount of patients suffering with most prevalent cancers in the oncology unit. This study concludes that critical need and implementation of clinical pharmacy services in hospitals to improve the patient care and safety. Clinical pharmacist along with oncology as a team has wider scope of providing various patient care services in oncology care to inform safe and effective use of anti-cancer medicines so as to provide good quality of life and better outcomes