Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease that affects a person's memory, learning ability, intellectual, judgment, communication, and daily activities over time. Clinically, Alzheimer's disease is marked by cognitive impairment, while pathologically, it is marked by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, as well as the degradation of the cholinergic basal forebrain. The primary neurotransmitter defect discovered in AD involved acetylcholine as cholinergic function is vital for temporary memory. Although the Food and Drug Administration has official numerous medicines for the handling of Alzheimer's disease, the results have not been satisfactory, and alternative medicine, including herbal therapy, has a role. Herbal remedies for Alzheimer’s disease have become more and more popular in the recent years, some herbs that is Saga, Gotu Kala, Jyotishmati, Brahmi, Shankhpusph, Lavender, Chinese date and Saffron are useful for cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease. Most of the plants have been chemically evaluated with their proven efficacy in clinical trials. Current review summarizes data concerning the sources, chemistry, biological actions and clinical applications of these plants to give adequate baseline facts that could be used in drug discovery &development process, thereby providing new functional molecules for Alzheimer's disease. 

Tissue regeneration supported by biocompatible scaffolds faces delay in regeneration due to Staphylococcal attack. This study was conducted to develop a chitosan based tissue regeneration scaffold with antistaphylococcal property. Chitosan membrane loaded with different concentrations of green tea aqueous extracts {0.016mg (GTM 1), 0.02mg (GTM 2), 0.1mg (GTM 3), 0.5mg (GTM 4), 1.0mg (GTM 5), 1.5mg (GTM 6) & 2.0mg (GTM 7) extract/0.86mg membrane} were prepared and morphological properties, degradation and antistaphylococcal activity were examined. Microbial growth inhibition zone diameter in solid agar medium was significantly higher (P<0.05) for GTM-7, when compared to other concentrations. The inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of GTM 7 was analysed in liquid media and the antibacterial property was evaluated by spread plate and turbidity measurement. This study revealed that chitosan membrane loaded with green tea aqueous extract showed a better activity against Staphylococcus aureus and therefore, it can be used as a scaffold for tissue regeneration. Film solubility test performed in PBS, pH 7.4 showed that the solubility of GTM 7 was significantly increased when compared to unloaded chitosan membrane. The scanning electron microscopic image of GTM 7 showed a rough and uneven surface morphology due to the incorporation of green tea components. This study showed a remarkable lethal action against the nosocomial infecting agent during wound healing with the help of green tea aqueous extract loaded chitosan membrane. This will have a good therapeutic significance in fast tissue regeneration. 

To improve bioavailability and patient compliance, oral dispersible drug delivery systems are used mostly because Oral dispersible tablets are the novel dosage form which quickly disintegrates in the mouth (1-3 min) without chewing upon oral administration and without the need of water. As compared to conventional tablets and capsules oral dispersible tablets (ODT) are getting the attention from the last three decades because it has better patient compliances, better solubility, and stability. Oral dispersible tablets have a quality that disintegrates rapidly generally in seconds when put on the tongue because it contains mainly medicinal substances in the solid dosage form. This new ODT technology is enhancing the patient life cycle and making a convenient dosing system for pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia because it directly addresses the pharmaceutical and patient needs. This new technology encourages the academic industry to develop a newer orally disintegrating formulation and technology or evaluation methodology which is suitable for drug candidates for its future prospects. Though considerable research has been done in the formulation development and technologies for ODTs, more intensive investigations are to be carried out in this promising area to result in newer cost-effective technologies and better products. The potential of dosage forms is promising because of the availability of new technologies combined with strong market acceptance and patient compliance. 

For local and systemic delivery of many therapeutic drugs, intranasal administration is a viable alternative. In comparison to other mucosae, the nasal mucosa is easy to reach. Intranasal medication administration is painless and non-invasive, making it ideal for youngsters. In an emergency situation, patients or doctors can easily perform the application. The therapeutic effects of intranasal medication administration are felt quickly (local or systemic). The medication is not degraded in the gastrointestinal tract and does not undergo first-pass hepatic metabolism when administered through nasal spray. The trinity of drug, transportation, and application device is indestructible. As a result, its selection is critical to the development of successful nasal products. Intranasal administration is discussed in this paper's practicality and potential.The purpose of this review is to provide some information about nasal drug delivery systems, including limitations, benefits, mechanisms of drug absorption, anatomy of the nasal cavity, factors affecting nasal drug delivery, strategies to improve nasal absorption, strategies to extend the duration of drug formulations within the nasal cavity, leading to improved nasal drug absorption, novel drug formulations, and types of nasal drug delivery systems with uses of nasal drug delivery in various diseases. 

Lecardipine HCl (LCD) is a highly lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium antagonist indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. It has poor aqueous solubility (less than 5 µg/ml) and its oral bioavailability is around 10%. The primary objectives of the present work was to develop, optimize and characterize the composition of a stable liquid and solid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of LCD HCl and to evaluate its oral bioavailability in rats. The LCD SMEDDS was prepared using Capmul MCM L8 (oil), Cremophor ELP (surfactant), and propylene glycol (cosurfactant). Liquid SMEDDS were converted to solid SMEDDS by adsorbing it on inert solid carrier. Flow properties were determined and solid-state characterization was done by SEM, DSC and XRPD. Optimized formulation showed complete release within 60 min. Stability study was done to check any drug precipitation or instability. HPTLC method was used to interpret in vivo studies of solid SMEDDS in rats. Area under curve and time were compared with those of pure drug suspended in 1% CMC solution. The area under curve and time showed significant improvement as the values obtained were 7680.19 ng h/ml and 1h for SMEDDS in comparison to 3574. 191 ng h/ml and 1.5 h for pure drug suggesting significant increased in oral bioavailability of SMEDDS of LCD HCl.Lecardipine HCl (LCD) is a highly lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium antagonist indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. It has poor aqueous solubility (less than 5 µg/ml) and its oral bioavailability is around 10%. The primary objectives of the present work was to develop, optimize and characterize the composition of a stable liquid and solid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of LCD HCl and to evaluate its oral bioavailability in rats. The LCD SMEDDS was prepared using Capmul MCM L8 (oil), Cremophor ELP (surfactant), and propylene glycol (cosurfactant). Liquid SMEDDS were converted to solid SMEDDS by adsorbing it on inert solid carrier. Flow properties were determined and solid-state characterization was done by SEM, DSC and XRPD. Optimized formulation showed complete release within 60 min. Stability study was done to check any drug precipitation or instability. HPTLC method was used to interpret in vivo studies of solid SMEDDS in rats. Area under curve and time were compared with those of pure drug suspended in 1% CMC solution. The area under curve and time showed significant improvement as the values obtained were 7680.19 ng h/ml and 1h for SMEDDS in comparison to 3574. 191 ng h/ml and 1.5 h for pure drug suggesting significant increased in oral bioavailability of SMEDDS of LCD HCl.

Ion exchange resins are versatile drug carriers capable of different functions like taste masking and controlled drug release. Objective of the study was to use ion exchange resins for masking the taste of Cephalexin and to provide controlled release in the form of reconstitutable suspension. Cephalexin is first generation antibiotic with bitter taste and short half-life. Polymer-coated resinates were evaluated for percent drug release and taste masking and compared with microparticles of plain drug coated with polymers. The coating process was optimized by 32 factorial design using polymer concentration and pump speed as independent variables and percent drug release as dependent variable. Optimized batch was used to prepare the suspension which was evaluated for drug leaching, sedimentation, dispersibility and percent release. Tulsion A-23 was showed maximum drug binding (83.23%) and maximum Cephalexin loading was (83.16%). The percent complexation at 1:1 drug: resin ratio was found to be 83.68%. Percent drug release of Cephalexin suspension, coated microparticles and uncoated resin was found to be 99.16% in 12 h, 90% drug in 8 h and 96% within 5 h respectively. Coating with retarding polymers gave an extended release up to 12 h. Increase in pump speed and polymer concentration led to decrease in percent release. Leaching of coated drug resin complex suspension and microparticle was observed to be 0.5 % and 2.1% respectively. Negligible leaching was observed in coated drug resin complex suspension hence it was concluded that Tulsion A-23 resinate complex reduces the bitterness as well as taste masking of cephalexin successfully. We may conclude that this technology can be explored for other similar drugs for taste masking purpose. 

Background: In patient with renal dysfunction, the renal excretion of the parent drug and its metabolite is already impaired leading to accumulation and toxicity. Also the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter are reduced. In such patients, medication dosing errors become the important Drug Related Problem which needs to be assessed closely. Objectives: This study aims at assessment of appropriate dosing of Antimicrobials (AMA), Anti hypertensives (AHA) and Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease at the tertiary care hospital in India. Materials and Methods: A Retrospective, Observational study was conducted for 110 patients at a tertiary care hospital in Surat between Jan, 2020 to Jan, 2021. It included patients diagnosed with CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 who were prescribed with at least one antimicrobial, antihypertensive or oral hypoglycemic agent. Kidney function was estimated from GFR using MDRD equation, and dose appropriateness was determined by comparing practice with relevant reference books. Results: For the total 110 CKD patients - 361 drugs were prescribed which included 199 (55.12%) AHA, 53 (14.68%) OHA and 109 (30.19%) AMA. 328 drugs out of 361 were prescribed correctly with dose adjustment as required for all of three classes of drugs with majorly being AMA18 (16.5%), by OHA 04 (7.55%) followed by AHA 03 (1.5%). Overall adjustment was required in 25 prescribed drugs. Apart from these, there were a total 8 contraindicated drugs which were all oral hypoglycemic. Conclusion: Our study concludes that, according to individual patient’s GFR most of the AHA prescribed were adjusted appropriately whereas some of the AMA required adjustment and few OHA prescribed were contraindicated. 

The most frequent modalities for transdermal medication administration include hypodermic needles, topical creams, and transdermal patches. Because the stratum corneum layer of the skin functions as a barrier for molecules, only a few molecules reach the site of action, most therapeutic medications have a limited effect. This page discusses the various varieties of microneedles and how they are made. Thenumerous types of microneedles and how they are created are also discussed on this page.Microneedles are a novel type of delivery method that helps to improve medication distribution through this route while also solving the issues that come with traditional formulations. The fundamental premise entails disrupting the skin layer, resulting in micron-sized channels that lead the drug directly to the epidermis or upper dermis region, where it can bypass the barrier and enter the systemic circulation.This technique is now being used in a variety of fields, including oligonucleotide distribution, vaccine delivery, insulin delivery, and even cosmetics delivery. Many microneedle products have entered the market in recent years. Although, before the microneedles can be successfully launched into the market, much study must be done to solve the many problems. The third piece of this examination looks at the issues and obstacles that come with using microneedles. The traditional way of delivering a drug to patient was painful but by using the microneedle it was quite painless which improves the patient compliance and the delivery of potent medication easier which avoids dose dumping and help in therapeutic effectiveness. 

Sirolimus is a macrolide compound used to prevent organ transplant rejection. A UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of sirolimus in the tablet. Ethanol is used as a solvent. Sirolimus has shown absorbance maxima at 278 nm. The method was validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The method is linear in the range of 5-30 ?g/ml and exhibited a good correlation coefficient (R2=0.9992) with a recovery of 98-100% and precision. The developed analytical method is simple, accurate, precise, and can be applied for routine analysis of formulation containing Sirolimus in a short time. 

Teriflunomide is the active metabolite of leflunomide. It is an immunomodulatory agent used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of teriflunomide in tablets using methanol as solvent. Teriflunomide has shown ? max at 293 nm. The method has been validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. A linear response is observed (R2=0.9995) in the range of 4-20 ?g/ml, with recovery (100.68%) and precision (% RSD is 0.07).This method is simple and suitable for routine pharmaceutical analysis.