Abstract

Abstract

A simple, economic, specific, accurate and  precise validated reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of Valacyclovir in pharmaceutical dosage form. Here in present method, chromatography was carried out using the instrument Waters HPLC 2996 mode with empower software on a Xterra C18, (150mm×4.6mm, 3.5μ) column with mobile phase of 70 volumes of Water (with 0.1% OPA) and 30 volumes of acetonitrile in isocratic mode. The flow rate was 0.7ml/min, with injection volume 20μl. Detection was done by using PDA detector at 254nm. The retention time was found to be 2.085 min The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, ruggedness and robustness in accordance with ICH guidelines. The linearity was found to be in the range of 20-60 μg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.996. The LOD and LOQ were 0.004 μg/ml and 0.016 μg/ml, respectively. The percentage assay was 98.72%.  No chromatographic interference from tablet excipients was found. The developed method with good separation could be successfully applied for the determination of valacyclovir in its pharmaceutical dosage form.

Abstract

Chenopodium album Linn. (Bathua) belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae, is an important medicinal plant in Ayurveda used in diseases of blood, heart, spleen, eye and in biliousness conditions, cough, abdominal pain, pulmonary obstruction and in nervous affections. The plant contains essential oils, besides alkaloids, trigonelline and chenopodine. Leaves are rich in potassium & vitamin C. Pharmacognostic evaluation including examinations of morphological and microscopic characters, determination of leaf constant, ash value, powder analysis, and extractive values were carried out. Phytochemical screening including qualitative chemical examinations was also carried out. Pharmacological studies on the plant revels the proven activity of its as hypoglycemic, antibacterial, spasmolytic, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer. The plant has effective pharmacological action. On the basis of recent pharmacological studies some additional medicinal properties of various species of the genus have been established. In the present paper an attempt has been made to summarize the traditional uses and reported biological activities of the genus for further studies

Abstract

Couroupita guianesis Aubl family Lecythidaceae has a wide distribution throughout the Indian subcontinent and Northestearn South Africa. Couroupita guianesis having regional synonyms as cannon ball tree, shivlingam, kailashpati in French, Kannada and Hindi respectively. All the parts of the plant contains phytoconstituents which are used in folklore medicines. Various parts of the tree have been reported to contain oils, keto steroids, glycosides, couroupitine, isatin and phenolic substances .The crude methanolic extract of the flowers was tested for its effects in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Antidiabetic activity was observed to be time- dependent. The Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Couroupita guianesis Aubl Flowers was evaluated for its Antidiabetic activity in Alloxan induced diabetic mice. Daily oral dosing of both extracts (100mg/kg body weight) and metformin (100mg/kg body weight) as standard in diabetic mice show significantly (P<0.05) reduction in blood glucose level. Hence the flowers of Couroupita guianesis Aubl. have antidiabetic activity and may be rulyected to further research for clinical application.

Abstract

The antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether and methanolic extracts from the Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees was evaluated against three gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus luteus) and three gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumonia) bacterial strains and three fungal strains (Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, Monascus purpureus). The antimicrobial activity was assessed by disc diffusion method and also MIC value was determined by serial dilution method. The Methanolic extract was more active against all the microbes with MIC value of 250μg/ml except M.purpureus (500μg/ml). In petroleum ether extract maximum activity perceived on bacteria E. coli, K. pneumonia and Corynebacterium with MIC value of 125μg/ml and amongst fungi M.purpureus with 250μg/ml. The petroleum ether extract of S. ciliatus exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested microbes

Abstract

The present work reports formulation development and evaluation of a topical gel of Lornoxicam (0.5% w/w) a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 using different gelling agents and different penetration enhancers. The gels were formulated using gelling agents like Carbopol 974 and Poloxamer 407. Various penetration enhancers/solubilizers like Cremophore RH 40, DMSO and Transcutol P and variation in their concentration was studied for their effect on the drug release profiles, permeation enhancement and flux values of the gels. The gels were evaluated for pH, clarity, viscosity, drug content, in vitro and ex vivo diffusion studies. The finalized formulations were evaluated for caregennan induced rat paw edema to demonstrate anti-inflammatory effect. The final gel prepared with Poloxamer 407 and Transcutol P showed excellent aesthetic appeal. Viscosity and pH were well within the acceptable range. In vitro and ex vivo diffusion study of formulations prepared using Transcutol P and Poloxamer 407 showed drug release of 68.45% and 76.69% respectively at the end of 5 hours. Rat Paw edema corroborated with the in vitro and ex vivo diffusion. A significant difference (p<0.5), was seen in the finalized Poloxamer based formulation as compared to placebo gel for a duration of 4 hours.

Abstract

The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most versatile reactions known to the organic chemists.  This reaction was named after Scientists who discovered this reaction, Otto Diels and Kurt Alder (Research Student of Otto Diels).This discovery led both of them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the year 1950. This reaction has  been successfully utilized in the synthesis of many of the complex organic molecules like  Reserpine, Cholesterol, Gibberellic acid, Ambruticins, myrocin C, (-) colombiasin A, Antibiotic X-14547 A etc. The present review article emphasis on introduction, mechanism, applications and some of the recent advantages of this reaction. A special emphasis has been laid on the application of this reaction in the synthesis of natural products and its complete synthesis and also to other molecules with known pharmacological actions.

Abstract

Abrus Precatorius is one of the important herb commonly known as Indian licorice belonging to family Fabaceae. It is reported to have a broad range of therapeutic effects, like anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-tumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-diabetic, anti-serotonergic, anti-migraine, including treatment of inflammation, ulcers, wounds, throat scratches and sores. It is now considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products but still additional information needs to be updated. Therefore the present review is aimed to compile up the updated data and highlighting the special features on its pharmacological activities in various diseases.

Abstract

The uncontrolled collection and sale of large quantities of plant material from the forest leads to destruction of many plant species. Adhatoda vasica is such a plant which is under threat due to collection and over exploitation of this important medicinal plant species. Hence it is important to manage conservation strategies of important medicinal plant. We have developed here a protocol for high frequency shoot regeneration of Adhatoda vasica using a potent growth regulator Thidiazuran (TDZ) and also developed an efficient system of ex-vitro propagation of Adhatoda vasica Nees. through stem cuttings using Revive Rooting Hormones (RRHs) which can be helpful in the conservation strategy of this important medicinal plant.

Abstract

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae.  It is an annual climber. It contains wide range of medicinal properties like anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, anti-cardiac failure, hypoglycemic, anti-fertility, anti-inflammatory and against to HIV. Preliminary phytochemical investigations of leaves, stem, fruit wall and seed extracts have been carried out by using different solvents (methanol, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and aqueous) for the presence of various phytoconstituents.  Phytochemical analysis of various solvent extracts of leaf, stem, fruit wall and seed had shown the presence of alkaloids. Glycosides were found to be present strongly in only leaf extracts followed by feebly in seed extracts. Tannins were absent in all the solvent extracts of stem and seeds. Flavonoids were found only in leaf and stem. Sterols were absent in leaf, stem and fruit wall extracts. Whereas lignins were present in leaf extracts. Phenols were found in stem and fruit wall extracts. Lignins, saponins and quinones were absent in the solvent extracts of leaf, stem, fruit wall and seeds. Thus, the species T. cucumerina contains alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, phenols and sterols which play a role in pharmaceutical industry. As the plant T. cucumerina possesses medicinally important secondary metabolites, these can be employed in the treatment of various diseases.

Abstract

Pluchea is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. Members of this genus might be known as camphorweeds, Plucheas, or less uniquely "fleabanes". Some (like  P. carolinensis and P. odorata) are called sourbushes. There are at least 40 species in the genus. They are native to tropical and warm temperate areas. Most take the form of resinous, bushy shrubs. This genus was named for the French naturalist Noël-Antoine Pluche. The plants of Pluchea genus have been used traditionally used as astringent, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diaphoretic in fevers, smooth muscle relaxant, nerve tonics, laxatives and for the treatment of dysentery, lumbago, leucorrhoea, dysuria, haemorrhoids, gangrenous ulcer and disorders causing cachexia. The chemical investigations on the genus have shown the presence of triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, glycosides and sesquiterpene lactones. The present review summarizes the various biological studies done on the extracts and bioactive phytoconstituents from the plants of the genus Pluchea over the past few decades.

Abstract

In this article information about various methods of liposome preparation (including the large scale manufacture) has been reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods have been described in terms of size distribution and encapsulation efficiency. Liposomes are simple microscopic vesicles in which lipid bilayer structures are present with  an aqueous volume entirely enclosed by a membrane, composed of lipid molecule. There are a number of components present in liposomes, with phospholipid and cholesterol being the main ingredients. Liposomes  having concentric phospholipid bilayers molecules from low molecular weight (glucose) to high molecular weight (peptides and proteins) have been incorporated in liposomes. The water soluble compounds/drugs are present in aqueous compartments while lipid soluble compounds/drugs and amphiphilic compounds/drugs insert themselves in phospholipid bilayers.The type of phospholipids includes phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids, and together with their hydrolysis products. Classification of liposomes is based on lamellae and composition and on the basis of size and number of lamellae.

Nature in general, has yielded most common bioactive substances .The plant kingdom contributes in a more meaningful way to supply the useful substances for the treatment of human diseases. Nigella sativa is an annual herbaceous, flowering plant cultivated for its seeds and is classified as an edible part .The developing countries mostly rely on traditional medicines involves the use of different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. To identify the major bioactive compounds, Soxhlet extraction procedure was employed with modified steps from previously adopted procedures. The present study was carried out to analyze the preliminary phytochemical screening for principle bioactive compounds in methanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts of Nigella sativa (Black seed).The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis which reveals the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The identification of bioactive compounds in plants, their isolation, purification and characterization of active ingredients in crude extracts by various analytical methods is important. Phytoconstituents obtained from the natural sources play a very important role for their utilization as therapeutically active constituents in modern medicine. Approximately one quarter drugs contain plant extracts or active ingredients obtained from plant substances. Phytochemical analysis of black seeds will support in the recent era for their therapeutic potential. The intrests in functional foods enriched with bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds, terpenoids etc. The reported bioactive compounds that typically occour in small quantities in medicinal plants may serve as extra nutritional constituents. Hence, need to intensively studied and evaluated for dietry recommendations and potential therapeutic applications. 

The aim of the present study was to assess the suitability of hot-melt coating of drug-loaded pellets with stearic acid for the production of sustained release formulation. Ofloxacin was used as tracer and prepared in the form of pellets by extrusion-spheronization technique. The study confirms the satisfactory coating potential of the hot-melt pan coating process on pellets without use of spray system. In vitro dissolution study of prepared formulations reveals that with increase in coating level of stearic acid the ofloxacin release was prolonged. Dissolution profile for hot-melt coated formulations fits in Higuchi model reveals drug release mechanism was diffusion controlled. Optimized formulation (F2) was selected using difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) values. Dissolution profiles appear to be consistent from one batch to another. The optimized formulation was found to be stable for 6 months, when stored as per ICH guideline. Results conclude that stearic acid can successfully sustain the drug release from ofloxacin pellets by hot-melt coating technique. Further study will be needed to ensure in vivo performance of the optimized formulation. 

Peptic ulcer is the most common GIT disorder in the present day life of the industrialized and civilized world. The prevention or cure of peptic ulcers is one of the most important challenges confronting medicine nowadays, as it is certainly a major illness affecting 8 to 10% of the global population and of these 5% suffer from gastric ulcer. This study was designed to evaluate the gastro protective effect of yelaathi chooranam, a polyherbal formulation. The hydroalcoholic extract of Yelaathi chooranam was evaluated for its antiulcer activity against aspirin and pyrolus ligation induced gastric ulcer (antisecretary) in albino rats. Animals were killed and their stomachs were removed and macroscopic and microscopic ulcer index were determined. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by student’s t-test. We found that hydroalcoholic extract of yelaathi chooranam at a dose of 230mg/kg p.o significantly (P<0.05) showed an antiulcer effect characterized by reduction of gastric volume, total acidity, ulcer score and the %of inhibiton is found to be 74.46% respectively. The present findings demonstrate that, yelaathi chooranam has gastroprotective effect on aspirin and pyrolus ligation induced gastric ulcer in albino rats model. 

There are almost 40% of the new drug compounds which are lipophilic in nature. This presents a major challenge in oral delivery of such compounds because of the low aqueous solubility and lesser bioavailability. Self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) have gained much attention for their ability to increase solubility as well as bioavailability of lipophilic compounds. SMEDDSs is isotropic mixture of oils, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents can be used for developing formulations in order to improve the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs. The present review describes the approaches for formulation and development as well as the future scope for SMEDDs. 

A rapid, specific and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Etoricoxib in human plasma using Diclofenac as internal standard was developed and validated by UV detection. The extraction process involved a liquid-liquid extraction using a 70:30 % v/v mixture of t-butyl methyl ether and Dichloromethane. Both Etoricoxib and the internal standard were eluted under isocratic mode. The mobile phase composed a mixture of 70:30 % v/v Methanol and 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute. The wavelength of detection is 287 nm. The method showed good linearity in the range of 60–3920 ng/mL. Matrix effects were not observed. 

A simple efficient, precise and accurate spectroscopic method has been developed and validated for quantitative estimation of Terconazole in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Terconazole is slightly soluble in distilled water, so 0.1N HCl was used as solvent. Terconazole is dissolved in 0.1N HCl the resulting solution was then scanned in the UV range (200-400nm) in a 1cm quartz cell in a double beam UV spectrophotometer. The ?max of Terconazole was found to be 227nm.The method obeys Beers law in the concentration range from 2-10 ?g/ml. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999 (r2? 0.999). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.265 and 0.804?g/ ml respectively. The result of estimation of marketed formulation (Terazol) was found to be 97.88%. The accuracy of the method was determined by recovery studies. The percentage recovery was found to be 99.76%. The method was validated statistically as per ICH guidelines. The method showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD less than 2. So, the proposed method was found to be simple, specific, precise, accuracy, linear, and rugged. Hence it can be applied for routine analysis of Terconazole in bulk drug and the Pharmaceutical formulations. 

All type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects and the majority of type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects at one time or another requires insulin to sustain life. Syringes and pens are presently the most popular insulin delivery devices. Though in use for more than 3 decades, insulin pumps are now being more commonly used because of their unique ability to continuously infuse insulin, closely mimicking that of physiological secretion from a normal pancreas. Unlike insulin shots with syringes, pump infusion sites need to be changed less frequently. The success of insulin pump therapy depends on selection of the right candidate, extensive education, motivation, and implementing the sophisticated programs with skill. However, all affordable patients are not ideal candidates for pump therapy because for successful continuation of pump therapy other inclusion criteria should also be fulfilled. Among the other indications discussed are a high level of insulin resistance, brittle diabetes, chronic kidney disease on renal replacement therapy, and continuous glucose monitoring pattern strongly suggesting need for a variable basal insulin infusion rate. This article presents an overview of insulin pump, recent advances in insulin pump in the management of diabetes mellitus. 

As clinical trials increasingly are conducted across the globe, pharmaceuticals, life sciences, and biotech sector companies face both opportunity and challenge especially in emerging markets. Everything from maintaining supply chain stability to accommodating data from a growing array of sources into what often are still siloed systems is at issue. India has emerged as one of the preferred destinations for the clinical trials of drugs by multinational pharmaceutical companies in recent years. The reasons for this include reasonably high standards of quality healthcare and healthcare professionals, use of the English language and the sheer size of target populations available in our country. Clinical trials are usually multi?centric but trials in North America and Europe turn out to be time consuming and expensive. While clinical trials in the west are not totally free from compromised interest, mishaps and litigation, the medical research organizations (MRO) are licensed and highly regulated and people are sufficiently aware of the possible risks of such trials and also aware of their rights to healthcare. In India, the scenario is very different. A non?uniform healthcare system, with varying standards in the government and private sectors, desperate poverty and lack of access to healthcare, illiteracy, lack of information and poor enforcement constitute a chaotic milieu which is a major challenge for a programme as critical as a clinical trial. Clinical research industry looks promising in India but motivating more and more doctors, hospital ,administrators and other life science professional towards a clinical research is require to achieve a sustain growth. Global standard quality sites with ample pool are one of the most attractive features global pharmaceutical and biotechnology, giants. Developing new clinical research site will certain open many more door for clinical research outsourcing in India. 

Conventional drug delivery systems have little control over their drug release and almost no control over the effective concentration at the target site. This kind of dosing pattern may result in constantly changing, unpredictable plasma concentrations. Drugs can be delivered in a controlled pattern over a long period of time by the process of osmosis. Osmotic devices are the most promising strategy based systems for controlled drug delivery. They are the most reliable controlled drug delivery systems and could be employed as oral drug delivery systems. The present review is concerned with the study of drug release systems which are tablets coated with walls of controlled porosity. When these systems are exposed to water, low levels of water soluble additive is leached from polymeric material i.e. semi permeable membrane and drug releases in a controlled manner over an extended period of time. This article highlights the principle of osmosis, materials used for fabrication of pumps, types of pumps, advantages, disadvantages, and marketed products of this system. 

Medicated chewing gum has a history for about a century. Now-a-days it is considered to be a potential and convenient modified release drug delivery system which can be used in pain relief medication, smoking cessation, travel illness, freshening of breath, prevention of dental caries, alleviation of xerostomia, vitamin or mineral supplementa-tion etc. Medicated chewing gums are prepared by using a water insoluble gum base with water soluble bulk portion. This formulation offers both local and systemic effects and has a range of advantages over conventional oral solid dosage forms. USP currently has no in vitro release testing apparatus for the evaluation and determination of drug release from the prepared chewing gums. But European Pharmacopoeia adopted a compendial apparatus to do so. Medicated chewing has drawn attention to the researchers as potential drug delivery system and it could be a commercial success in near future. 

The present study was intended to evaluate the anticancer property of the selected four seaweeds viz., Sargasssum wightii Greville ex J.Agardh, Padina tetrastromatica Hauck (Paeophyceae), Ulva faciata Delile (Chlorophyceae) and Gracillaria edulis (S.G.Gmelin) P.C. Silva (Rhodophyta) from south east coast of India. The cytotoxic activity was determined against human A 549 lung adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines and Vero (African green monkey kidney cells) non?cancerous cell line using the MTT method. Cytotoxic activity of methanolic seaweeds extracts against human A549 lung adenocarcinoma and African Green Monkey Kidney (VERO) showed a dose and time-dependent inhibitory effect. IC50 was 12?g/mL, 18?g/mL, 118.98?g/mL and 222.78?g/mL was observed in the seaweeds methanolic extracts of U. faciata, S. wightii, G. edulis and P. tetrastromatica respectively. The methanolic extract of selected seaweeds exerted a significant antiproliferative effect on the A-549 cancer cell lines. Simultaneously, it is evident that the methanolic extracts of selected seaweeds exhibited a less-prominent antiproliferative activity on the Vero cell line. The less-prominent antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extracts of selected seaweeds on the Vero cell line elicits the use of the methanolic extracts of selected seaweeds as a chemopreventive agent in cancer therapy. 

The challenges in Ocular drug delivery system are due to unique anatomy and physiology of eye. The conventional formulations like solutions, suspensions and ointments shows disadvantages such as rapid precorneal elimination, high variability, drainage by gravity and absence of controlled release. So overcome to these problems newer pharmaceutical ophthalmic formulation such as in-situ gel, nanoparticle, liposome, nanosuspension, microemulsion, iontophoresis and ocular inserts have been developed in last three decades increase the bioavailability of the drug as a sustained and controlled manner. Major improvements are required in each of the technologies discussed in this review. This review includes various recent strategies that are developed and under development stage so far. 

A simple, accurate and precise High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Quercetin and Rutin in the methanolic extract of bark of Saraca asoca and standard herbal formulation - Ashokarishta. Fresh bark of Saraca asoca was obtained from Zandu Foundation, Gujarat and a comparative study was performed for presence of both the standards - Quercetin and Rutin with the standard formulation of Ashokarishta. The HPTLC of these bio-flavonoids was performed on F254 TLC plates with Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (8:8:3:1) as mobile phase. Densitometric determination of bio-flavonoids was performed at ?= 240 nm in reflectance/absorbance mode. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 100-1000 ng/band with r2= 0.993 and 0.99 for Quercetin and Rutin, respectively. The average recovery for Quercetin was 98.593%and for Rutin was 97.66%. The proposed HPTLC method provides good resolution of Quercetin and Rutin from other constituents present in methanolic extract of Bark of Saraca asoca and can be used for quantification of Quercetin and Rutin present in the extract and standard herbal formulation. Method was found to be specific, precise, accurate, sensitive, selective, robust and rugged for determination of bio-flavonoids. 

The present article reviews the widely used solid dispersion techniques also focuses the new solid dispersion techniques i.e. microwave oven and hydrotropic solid dispersion technique. PEG-3350, maltodextrin, calcium silicates, colloidal silica, magnesium aluminometasilicates & hydrotropes are new carriers used to increase the solubility. Now a days 40% new chemical entities (NCEs) are poorly water soluble in nature. This physico-chemical parameter becomes obstacle in the formulation of dosage forms of new chemical entities. Solid dispersion have attracted considerable interest as an efficient means of improving dissolution rate & hence the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. The most attractive features of the microwave oven technique and hydrotropic solid dispersion technique is the purity of product and ecofriendly in nature. 

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which threatens to cause a great plague in present generation, was first identified in California in 1981, UNAIDS 2006 report showed 38.6 million children & adults to be infected with HIV/AIDS Worldwide. Most of the existing molecules have several drawbacks. Like in case of Zidovudine (Zido) drug which has low t1/2, first pass metabolism in liver, dose dependent hematological toxicity, poor bioavailability and also frequent oral dosing. The objective of this study was to prepare a transdermal delivery system for Zidovudine using different type of penetration enhancers incorporated in chitosan gel and to evaluate in-vitro as well as ex-vivo permeation across rat skin. In-vitro drug diffusion and ex vivo permeation studies through rat skin showed a high diffusion and permeation with formulation Zido-J, Zido-G containing penetration enhancers as compared to Zido-F (Blank) and other formulations, so achieving therapeutically effective plasma concentrations would be possible with these formulations. No lag-time was observed in release of zidovudine from gels. Among all gel formulations 2%w/w chitosan gel had desirable viscosity and exhibit follow pseudoplastic flow. 

Dandruff is a common disorder affecting the scalp condition caused by yeast Pityrosporum. Dandruff cannot be completely eliminated but can only be managed and effectively controlled. Symptoms of dandruff mainly include Presence of fragments, Itching of the scalp, and Redness around the scalp. Dandruff can be treated in two ways. They include chemical based antidandruff shampoo and herbal based antidandruff shampoo containing antibacterial and antifungal ingredients like ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione etc. The anti-dandruff shampoo only slow down the scalp flaking and have their own disadvantages like loss of hair, increased scaling, itching, irritation, nausea, headache, vomiting, photosensitivity. Herbal extracts formulations are viable alternative to synthetic drugs. Now-a-days, many herbal shampoos are available in the market which contains herbal ingredients such as plant extracts and essential oils. In the present review we discuss about the causes, synthetic chemical, various herbs and the evaluation parameters for the anti-dandruff shampoo. 

The aim of the study to assess the prevalence of post-operative wound infection, prevalence of different microorganisms and its sensitivity pattern to commonly used antibiotics and its use. A total of 200 patients with gastrointestinal surgeries, such as appendicitis, ileac perforation, sigmoid volvulus, duodenal perforation and obstructed hernia were included in the study. Deep tissue culture was taken from the infected wound for microbiological examination, done by streak method, colony characters, and antibiotic sensitivity tests were done by Kirby-Bauer method. Out of the 200 patients, 22 patients had post-operative wound infections. Prevalence of wound infection was higher in Appendicitis than in other gastrointestinal surgeries. Pathogens that are prevalent in post-operative wound infection are Staphylococcus aureus (Appendicitis, Ileac Perforation, Duodenal Perforation, and Obstructed Hernia), Klebsiella (Appendicitis and Duodenal Perforation, sigmoid volvulus) Escherichia coli (Appendicitis) and Pseudomonas (Appendicitis). Isolated pathogens were tested for its sensitivity against commonly used antibiotics at the hospital. Antimicrobial Amikacin was sensitive to all isolated pathogens with very low resistance profile compare to other commonly used antimicrobials at hospital. The major identified pathogens were staphylococcus aureus, followed by Klebsiella. In spite of sterilization techniques, modern surgical equipments, prophylactic use of antibiotics, and post-operative wound infection still remains a challenge and contributes to patient’s morbidity and mortality. From our study result we concluded majority of the organisms are found to resistant leaving a much narrow space for effective treatment of the infections. If this condition persists for a longer time it may damage the chances of effective therapy. Hence, we suggested both physician and patient have to take responsible for in minimizing the antimicrobial resistance. 

Lantana camara (L) var. aculeata (L) mold. (Verbanaceae) is one of the species of genus Lantana commonly known as „Tantani? or „Ghaneri? shrub. The leaves are usually used for diaphoretic, carminative activity. The leaves are green in colour and ovate in shape and plant bears white flower. Leaves have numerous covering, unicellular trichomes and few glandular trichomes. The present study deals with pharmacognostic, proximate chemical analysis, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical investigation of Lantana camara (L). Extraction was carried out for screening by using pet ether, methanol, ethyl acetate, water. Leaves of Lantana camara revealed the presence of glycoside (saponin), tannin, alkaloid, Pet. ether extract of Lantana camara leaves shows highest anti-microbial activity. Methanol and ethyl acetate shows moderate antimicrobial activity. All extracts shows maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis at concentration 200ug/ml. 

Drugs that are administered via the buccal mucosa directly enter the systemic circulation, thereby avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism. Therefore, this administration route is useful for improving the bioavailability of drugs that are subject to an extensive first-pass effect when delivered orally. For the oral mucosal route of drug administration, various types of dosage forms can be prepared. A sublingual tablet can afford rapid drug absorption and a prompt pharmacological effect; however, the duration of delivery is short owing to the inevitable loss of a large proportion of the administered dose due to swallowing. To avoid such losses, a patch can be formulated that is located on the buccal mucosa of the oral cavity. However, this approach is limited by the thicker dimensions of the buccal membrane compared to the others that line the oral cavity, and constraints impelled by the delivery system itself (the amount of drug reaching the systemic circulation is limited by the area of the mucosa that the patch covers, which, for patient comfort reasons, is relatively small). Direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein bypasses drugs from the hepatic first pass metabolism leading to high bioavailability. 

The present study was aimed to reveal the phenolic and steroid profile of two varieties of Blechnum orientale L. viz., var. grandis and var. orientale. 10 g of air dried powder was extracted with 60 mL of solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol by cold extraction. TLC was carried out on 10 × 20 cm silica gel plates (Merck, Germany). TLC phenolics and steroids profile was detected using the specific mobile phase and spraying agents. The appearance of blue colour and bluish green colour spot in the TLC chromatogram indicated the presence of phenolics and steroids in the crude extracts of Blechnum varieties respectively. The results of the present study revealed the phenolics and steroids profile with varied Rf values. The developed TLC will help the manufacturer for quality control and standardization of herbal formulations and also act as a biochemical marker for this medicinally important plant in the pharmaceutical industry. 

This paper describes production and characterization of therapeutic and industrially potent enzymes from Streptomyces albogriseolus (M10A99) as well as antagonistic activity of Streptomyces brasiliensis (M10A85). The actinobacterial strains were isolated from magnesite mine soil, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The enzymes (L-asparaginase, chitinase and pectinase) were produced by submerged fermentation at 1 % of L-asparagine, chitin and pectin used as substrate respectively. The maximum activity of the enzyme was observed at pH 7, temperature 40° C and 500 ?g of substrate concentration. The presence of metal ions EDTA and Zn2+ were inhibited the enzyme activities but Cu2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+ were increased the enzyme activities. The enzyme was partially purified by using (85 %) ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and DEAE - cellulose chromatography. The partially purified enzyme showed the activity, 1534.20, 1076.80 and 978.90 IU/ml, respectively. The molecular weight of the enzymes were approximately found to be about 98, 32 and 35 kDa. The bioactive compound from potential strain was produced by agar plate solvent extraction method using solid state fermentation. The potential compound was partially purified by thin layer chromatography and bioautography tested against clinically resistant pathogens. The bioactive compound was characterized by UV- Vis spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Finally, the potential strains were characterized and identified by using Nonomura key’s and actinobase database. 

It is well established that the active ingredient in a solid dosage form must undergo dissolution before it is available for absorption from the GIT. About 40 % of the newly discovered drugs fall into poorly water soluble or water insoluble categories. The aqueous solubility for poorly water soluble drugs is usually less than 100 ?g/ml. Liquisolid compact system is a novel concept of drug delivery that can change the dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs. Formulation and manufacture of the Liquisolid compacts is quite simple method according to new mathematical model described by Spireas et al. The technique is based up on dissolving the insoluble drug in the non-volatile solvent and admixture of drug loaded solutions with appropriate carrier and coating materials to convert into acceptably flowing and compressible powders. In this case, even though the drug is in a solid dosage form, it is held within the powder substrate in solution, or in a solubilized, almost molecularly dispersed state, which contributes to the enhanced drug dissolution properties. Liquisolid system is characterized by flow behaviour, saturation solubility, drug content, Fourier transf 

Couroupita guianesis Aubl. (CG) family Lecythidaceae is found extensively all over the Indian subcontinent and Northeastern South Africa. The plant has regional synonyms such as cannon ball tree, shivlingam and kailashpati in English, Kannada and Hindi respectively. All the parts of the plant contain phytoconstituents which are used in folklore medicines. Various part of the tree have been reported to contain oils, steroids, glycosides, couroupitine, indirubin, isatin and phenolic substances. In Ayurveda, it is called as ayahuma and is used extensively as an ingredient in the many preparations which cure gastritis, scabies, bleeding, piles, dysentery, scorpion poison. Leaves are a rich source of ? – amyrin, ?- amyrin and ?- Sitosterol. In the traditional system of medicine (TM) like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani, medicinal uses have been described as it is works in disease of every system. Steroids, flavonoids, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and pelargonodin glycosides are mainly believed to be responsible for its wide therapeutic actions. It is native to the tropical forests of Northeastern South Africa, especially the Amazon Basin. It is used as antinociceptive, antimalarial, antidiarrheal, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiseptic and to treat toothache. 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is an attractive plant due to its array of flowers, which appear yellow, pink, off-white, and red with yellow margins. Caesalpinia pulcherrima is also known as peacock flower. It is a common medicinal plant in India, Taiwan and South-East Asian countries. In alternative medicine, the different parts of this plant have been used as an anti-inflammatory, abortifacient, emmenagogue, bronchitis and malarial infection while fruits are employed to cure diarrhea and dysentery. In the present investigation Evaluation of Membrane Stabilizing Potential (HRBC) and antimicrobial activity of the Pods of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima (Caesalpiniaceae) against Selected Microorganisms. HRBC membrane stabilization method used for evaluation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and Diffusion assay (Plate method) for Antimicrobial Activity. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity (HRBC Stabilization) of Caesalpinia pulcherrima of extracts showed good inhibitory activity in petroleum ether extract as % Inhibition of Haemolysis 7.5 %, 22 %, 27 % and 37 % in 10, 25, 50 and 100 ?g/ ml Concentration respectively. Chloroform extract and methanolic extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima showed moderate to good zone of inhibition against Selected Microorganisms compared with standard as Gentamicin. The HRBC membrane stabilizing property of Caesalpinia pulcherrima was found to be promising and also exhibited good antimicrobial activity.