The human brain is responsible for performing numerous complextasks that are essential for the survival and leading a healthylife. Cognitive functions like learning and memory, complexation, executive function, language, motor and social cognition are important characteristics of healthy brain. This is achieved with coordinated functioning of billions of neurons. Cognitive dysfunction is a disturbance in one or more of these six cognitive domains. Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects cognitive functions of an individual. Rats and Mice are the most commonly used animal species for modeling cognitive dysfunctional though multiple models and tests are required to improve validity. This is a financial, logistical and cost constraint for scientific community. RecentlyZebrafish has emerged as a model organism for a variety of diseases. Zebrafish could be the answer to this challenge as it has many advantages overrodents.Important one is their high breeding rate which makes high-throughput screening more feasible and thus increases cost-effectiveness.This review’s objective is to provide a brief discussion on the superiority of zebrafish over rodentsas a model organism for cognitive disorders especially the Parkinson’s disease.

Following the advancement of healthcare sciences through investigation and development, their search done on animals has increased lately in the last 2-3 decades. Thousands of research animals are utilized annually all around the world. Since such large animals are being used for experiments, it became a debated issue for many years now, due to the fact that throughout research, animals go through discomfort, misery, and sometimes death. Attempting to resolve the issues concerning experiments on animals and avoid inhumane practices, a number of other possibilities have been proposed. When there are no other alternatives for scientific or educational analysis using animals is considered and it should follow the strategy of 3Rs (that is Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement) in laboratories. To successfully implement this strategy, the researchers use different approaches and alternative organisms. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of various options regarding the animal experiments, along with the benefits and restrictions related to them, using examples. Integrating such strategies could clarify whether using animals for experiments is suitable. 

Selenium is a crucial trace element and the building block of many proteins. Humans who are deficient in selenium are more susceptible to myodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses. A small amount of selenium is required by the body to treat several disorders. Nano-selenium's easy cell penetration gives it a more powerful effect. When compared to chemically produced nanoparticles, biologically produced nanoparticles displayed lower toxicity. Mulberries are a rich source of vitamin C and iron, and previous studies have shown that they have a variety of pharmacological properties that include effects that are anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerotic, and cardioprotective. In this study, nanoparticles were synthesized from mulberry leaves and characterization of selenium nanoparticles was done using analytical methods such ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. These selenium nanoparticles were assessed for biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Results demonstrated that selenium nanoparticle synthesized from mulberry showed particle size of 397nm in Scanning electron microscope analysis. In X- ray diffraction, nanoparticles showed broad peak at 2? angle of 20-250 which means it is crystalline in nature.  Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed presence of alcohols, carbonyl group, methyl group, aldehyde group, esters, amine, ketones, amines were responsible for the formation selenium nanoparticles from mulberry leaves. The selenium nanoparticles exhibited maximum antioxidant activity in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrateassay were 48.57µg/ml when compared to control was 46µg/ml. In 2,2?-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assays, IC50 of control was 49.3µg/ml and sample were 48.08µg/ml. SeNP showed IC50 of 49.08µg/ml and control were 43.5µg/ml in Nitric Oxide assay. In ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, IC50 value of nanoparticles was 41.069µg/ml and control were 41.54µg/ml. Maximum antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger at a concentration of 400µg and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans was at 500 µg of concentration was observed. Utmost antitumor activity was observed in 25µl of nanoparticles with an inhibition percentage of 87.96% against MCF-7 (breast cancer cell lines). The main objective of this study is to synthesize selenium nanoparticles by biological method. These nanoparticles can be effectively used in the drug delivery system to increase the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug molecule against various diseases.

Investigators were continuously creating novel nanotechnologies to address unmet requirements throughout the administration of therapeutic medicines & imaging agents for cancer treatment & diagnostics, appropriately. LNPs (Lipid nanoparticles) are legitimate particulates (approx. 100 nm in size) gathered from various lipid as well as other biochemical compounds which overall functionality to resolve biological barriers (biobarriers), allowing LNPs to selectively collect somewhere outside of disease-target cells again for responsive therapeutics. Most pharmaceutically important compounds were insoluble throughout water solutions, were chemical & physiologically unstable, or have toxicities. Among the most potential drug carrier for bioactive organic compounds is LBNPs (Lipid based nanoparticles) technologies. Its present use in chemotherapy has transformed treatment for cancer by increasing the antitumor effect of a number of chemotherapeutics. Because they may be created using naturally occurring sources, LBNPs have great temporal and thermal stability, maximum load potential, simplicity of preparations, cheap manufacturing costs, & big manufacturing output. Furthermore, combining chemotherapeutic drugs with LNPs reduces active therapeutic dosage and toxicities, lowers treatment resistance, & raises drug concentration in tumour cells while reducing concentrations in normal tissue. LBNPs were widely studied in cancer treatment, both in vitro and in vivo, with encouraging outcomes in certain clinical trials. This study provides an overview of the many types of LBNPs which have been created in latest years and their applications and contributions in different types of cancers.

Peptides are becoming more and more significant as drug candidates. Small peptides that are found in nature frequently have important medicinal characteristics. In recent years, peptide-based drug delivery has seen enormous advancements in therapeutic applications due to the considerable adaptability and inherent high affinity of peptides for their target sites. Although the synthesis of peptides has a long history, it still has a number of drawbacks, including high costs, significant waste production, and a need for potentially harmful reagents and solvents. Peptide medication and its therapeutic usage have progressed with time and continue to progress through medication advancements and technological changes. Peptides have been synthesized and altered utilizing chemical and biological techniques, as well as innovative design and delivery technologies, which have assisted in eliminating the inherent limitations of peptides and permitted the continuous growth of this sector. Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the peptide synthesis technique used for novel drug delivery systems. In order to improve the therapeutic benefits of peptide-based therapeutics, SPPS aims to produce large peptides that can be readily metabolized and modified for targeted drug delivery. This review article discusses several aspects of Advance Solid Phase Synthesis of therapeutic Peptides including their historical development, current trends, and future perspectives. Recently, 4% of overall approved drugs are peptide-based drugs or their derivatives. By utilizing various advanced synthesizers, new methods for automated peptide synthesis can meet the growing need for this process. In the future, the projected demand for polypeptides as biological products will surely promote and increase interest in these developments. 

Background: Water is essential in day-to-day life for every individual, drinking water supply has a primary objective of protecting human health, to ensure that the sufficient quantities of safe water is available across the globe. Most of the population in the world is facing scarcity of the safer water to drink and it majorly leads to the different water ion imbalances in the body and in the long run it affects the health severely and causes the various diseases. Aim: To assess the association between the quality of water and disease occurrence in the rural areas of Guntur. Objective: To monitor safety of water and secondary objective is assess the disease which is mostly prevailing due to lack of water quality and also create awareness on association between quality of water and disease occurrence. Methodology: A cross sectional study, people are screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and information had taken from the villagers by survey forms. The self-designed and validated questionnaire was used to access the data regarding the health issues like tooth discoloration, cardiovascular diseases, joint pains and central nervous system. Collected data was tabulated and interpreted using statistical software. Results: Tooth discoloration was associated with the fluorine concentration of daily usage water because in OBP (F-0.09mg/L). The composition of daily usage water is associated with the various diseases in Krosuru the usage water composition was not good because of that prevalence was high with various disease and disorders like joint related problems, CVS related etc. Conclusion: As a consequence of the aforementioned findings, the current study concluded that tooth discolouration was related to the fluorine content of water used on a daily basis (OBP; F-0.09mg/L). The composition of the water used on a daily basis in Krosuru is linked to a number of ailments, and as a result, the prevalence of numerous diseases and disorders, such as joint-related issues and CVS, was high. 

The current work aims to create and define a transdermal patch loaded with Econazole for its antifungal action. The Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II drug Econazole is a broad-spectrum imidazole antifungal. Econazole drug exhibits weak solubility causes it to be only partially absorbed after oral administration and bioavailability varies from person to person. Thus, a transdermal patch containing Econazole was developed, and more antifungal research was conducted on Tinea Pedis (Trichophyton interdigitale).Infrared spectroscopy research on the drug with the polymers suggested there was no incompatibility. The physical properties of developed transdermal patches, including thickness, weight variation, drug content, tensile strength, folding endurance, moisture content, and other critical characteristics were assessed. The present formulation study on Econazole is an effort to prepare transdermal patches and to evaluate the performance indicating that it can be used effectively to treat Tinea Pedis. This research was also designed to investigate the chance of manufacturing Econazole transdermal patches. 

Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents, thin layer chromatographic profile and HPTLC Analysis of Citrullus lanatus leaf extracts. It has been reportedly used widely in traditional herbal medicine. The leaves of Citrullus lanatusis analgesic, anti-inflammatory, mosquitocidal, gonorrhea and anti-microbial property. Materials and methods: The leaves of C.lanatus were collected, dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol using maceration method. The extract was concentrated in vacuo with the aid of rotary evaporator to afford a greenish crude methanol extract (ME). The fractions were subjected to general phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography using standard procedures. Quantitative estimation of some secondary metabolites presentin the plant using the standard process. The phytochemical evaluation of methanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus was carried out by using HPTLC studies. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and triterpenes which varies in other fractions. Thin-layer chromatographic studies using different solvent systems revealed homogenous spots with different Rf values. TLC & HPTLC studies showed the presence of flavonoid, phenolic compound and tannin. In HPTLC studies the extract was compared with standards and the presence of quercetin, gallic acid and catech in were formed. The vitamin B_{1 ,}B₂ and vitamin were estimated. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the leaf of Citrullus lanatus contains secondary metabolites and suitable mobile phase for each fraction have been developed.