Globally, cardiovascular disease remains a serious reason behind adverse outcomes in every individual. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most current cardio-vascular disease within the Western world and results in heart failure once its management is improper. It has serious consequences in mortality, morbidity, and value to society. It has a damaging potential for heart cells and suddenly reduces the flow rate, a clinical condition referred to as heart dysfunction that may accomplish heart condition. Myocardial infarction is outlined as sudden ischemic death of myocardial tissue. Within the clinical context, myocardial infarction is typically because of thrombotic occlusion of a coronary vessel caused by rupture of a vulnerable plaque. The adult mammalian heart has negligible regenerative capability, so the infracted cardiac muscle heals through formation of a scar. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and release of growth factor-? induce conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, promoting deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. This review discusses the underlying pathophysiology, evolving views on diagnosing, risk stratification, and pharmacologic management of myocardial infarction. Moreover, we tend to discuss the treatment ways like anti-thrombic therapy and implications of pathophysiological insights in design, and implementation of recent promising therapeutic approaches for patients with myocardial infarction. New treatments can still emerge, however, the best challenge is going to be to effectively implement preventive actions altogether high-risk people and to expand the delivery of acute treatment certain all patients. 

This review study was carried out to educate people about a rare genetic disorder that is fatal familial insomnia. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutation in the prion protein gene (PRNP) at codon 178 located in the short arm of chromosome 20 at position p13 responsible for making of prion protein. The disease-causing mutation consist of substitution from normal aspartic acid (Asp) to asparagine (Asn). The presence of methionine at codon 129 is distinct for FFI compared to valine at the same position in Familial Creutzfeldt -Jakob disease. The more aggressive variant has methionine (Met-Met) on the non-mutated allele compared to variant which has valine (Met-Val) [1]. Prion related diseases are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [11], Kuru [12], Grestmann straussler syndrome [13]. FFI is characterized by severe sleep disorder caused by psychiatric symptoms and vegetative symptoms [1] with motor dysfunction of sleep generation mechanism has been called as "Agrypnia excitata" [13]. Both familial and sporadic FFI can be evaluated by CSF studies, PSG, electroencephalogram, molecular genetic testing, biopsy and imaging [5]. FFI is diagnosed by PRNP Gene test. There is no cure for FFI and no standardized treatment protocols. Only symptomatic treatment is centered on relief and palliative cure along with investigational therapy and current therapy is monitored by accompanying with self-management [3]. The disease course lasts from 7-36 months with an average duration of 18 months leading to eventual death [1]. The review study carried out suggests the need for future research and clinical studies in patients with the disorder. 

Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission and it had been declared an emergency global pandemic that caused major disastrous in respiratory system to more than five million people and killing more than half a billion deaths across the globe. Besides lower acute respiratory syndrome, there is damage to alveolar with severe inflammatory exudation. COVID-19 patients often have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and most patients in intensive care units (ICU) need mechanical ventilation, hence longer stay in hospitals. These patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infections. COVID-19 patients develop what is known as mucormycosis a black fungal infection which is deadly leading to loss of sight and hearing and eventually death. This chapter will focus on mucormycosis, black fungus caused during post Covid 19 complications.

An indicator is an important component in any titrimetric analysis because it gives a colour change at the end of the reaction, thus helping out to determine the end point. Most indicators used in laboratory are synthetic one i.e. they need to be synthesized by chemical reaction. Here we have simply used ethanolic floral extract of Thunbergia laurifolia i.e. no synthesis required. The filtered extract was used as alternative for acid-base indicators such as phenolphthalein. When burette reading of phenolphthalein was compared with floral extract graphically, it was similar. Thus the alcoholic floral extract of Thunbergia laurifolia  can be used as a replacement for phenolphthalein indicator because it is cost effective and does not require chemical synthesis.

Drug utilization review can be defined as review of drugs used in a population to determine effectiveness, potential dangers, problems with drug interaction and other issues. It helps pharmacist to monitor, evaluate and suggest modification. In prescribing medicinal practitioners with the aim of making medical care rational and cause effective. Drug utilization review or survey aims that providing guidelines to doctors with respect to the rational use of drugs minimizing side effects, polypharmacy and exposure to potent drugs. Rational use of drugs minimizes polypharmacy, drug interaction in turn it minimizes the hospital stay.  The study includes survey and treatment for geriatrics and pediatrics. Also, we focused on different parameters like various class of drugs given to the patients of different gender, age, etc. In conclusion, the use of antihypertensive drugs in the treatment of hypertension was almost found to be rational. Pharmacist is a key person in the better management of therapy based on stage and condition of the patient. Our aim in choosing this topic is to give a brief idea about the threatful disease hypertension and highlight the rational and cause effective use of the antihypertensive drugs. In the treatment of hypertension which if not rational may ultimately lead to poor patient outcome and significant wastage of money and resources. The impact of inappropriate use of medicine on the healthcare system is reduction of quality of medicine therapy leading and increased risk of unwanted effects viz., adverse medicine reaction. And it also leads to the decrease in patients of geriatrics and pediatrics in the population. We also compared the use of drugs, patients, side effects in patients of different ages and different gender. It has been a sincere effort by us, to minimize the anticipated untoward events in our dissertation. It shows negativity towards medicines.