Welcome to Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

DECEMBER 2018

SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ISONIAZID AND PYRIDOXINE

Anitha K*1, T. M. Kalyankar2, U. A. Khedkar2, R. B. Gholve2
1Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram - 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

2School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded - 431606, Maharashtra, India.

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A STUDY OF PATTERN OF REFERRALS IN LIAISON PSYCHIATRY

Dr Sally John^1*,Dr.Amrita Singam², Dr Sonia Mary Thomas³
¹Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi ,Wardha, Maharashtra Pin 442 001.
²Indira Gandhi Govt. Medical College, Department.of Pharmacology, Nagpur.
³Santhula Trust Hospital, Vadakkara, Oliyapuram P.O Kuthattukulam, Ernakulam Dt, Kerala.

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Liaison psychiatry specializes in bridging psychiatric services to other specialities. It has been actively intervening in the reduction of the communication gap between the various specialities in many health care setups. Thereby it provides them the ability to acquire adequate understanding about the intricacies involved in treating patients with physical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Efficient communication between different levels of care has a great impact on quality of health care. Objectives: To assess the source of referral, reason for referral, the psychiatric diagnosis of the patients referred and the Psychiatric treatment initiated by the referring team and the knowledge of the illness. Materials and method: The study was a cross sectional study conducted on the out patients and inpatients referred to the psychiatric department in a tertiary care hospital in central India. It was completed in the time period of 3 months from June 1st 2014 to August 15th 2014 with a sample size of 150 patients. All the referred patients were evaluated by a consultant psychiatrist and diagnosis was made according to the diagnostic guidelines of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases -10th Edition). Results: Out of the total number of patients who were referred 79(52.6%) patients were males and 71(47.3%) were females. The mean age of the study population was 36.01 years. A majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 21-30 years. A majority of the referrals were made from the department of medicine (n=76, 50.6%).The various reasons for psychiatric referral were analyzed and it was found that the most common reason was the presence abnormal behaviour (n=37, 24.6%). The most common psychiatric diagnosis made was substance use disorders (n=51, 34%) Conclusion: The observations of our study clearly show that there is significant gap existing in consultation liaison psychiatry as reflected in the profile and patterns referrals assessed. Early diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders in patients presenting to the other departments with various physical illnesses definitely hasten recovery, reduce morbidity and improve quality of life. The way ahead is too long in this field and the need for improving the liaison is crucial in reducing the burden of morbidity and improving the quality of life of the patient and their carers.

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Liaison psychiatry specializes in bridging psychiatric services to other specialities. It has been actively intervening in the reduction of the communication gap between the various specialities in many health care setups. Thereby it provides them the ability to acquire adequate understanding about the intricacies involved in treating patients with physical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Efficient communication between different levels of care has a great impact on quality of health care. Objectives: To assess the source of referral, reason for referral, the psychiatric diagnosis of the patients referred and the Psychiatric treatment initiated by the referring team and the knowledge of the illness. Materials and method: The study was a cross sectional study conducted on the out patients and inpatients referred to the psychiatric department in a tertiary care hospital in central India. It was completed in the time period of 3 months from June 1st 2014 to August 15th 2014 with a sample size of 150 patients. All the referred patients were evaluated by a consultant psychiatrist and diagnosis was made according to the diagnostic guidelines of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases -10th Edition). Results: Out of the total number of patients who were referred 79(52.6%) patients were males and 71(47.3%) were females. The mean age of the study population was 36.01 years. A majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 21-30 years. A majority of the referrals were made from the department of medicine (n=76, 50.6%).The various reasons for psychiatric referral were analyzed and it was found that the most common reason was the presence abnormal behaviour (n=37, 24.6%). The most common psychiatric diagnosis made was substance use disorders (n=51, 34%) Conclusion: The observations of our study clearly show that there is significant gap existing in consultation liaison psychiatry as reflected in the profile and patterns referrals assessed. Early diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders in patients presenting to the other departments with various physical illnesses definitely hasten recovery, reduce morbidity and improve quality of life. The way ahead is too long in this field and the need for improving the liaison is crucial in reducing the burden of morbidity and improving the quality of life of the patient and their carers.

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF VALSARTAN USING SPRAY DRIED DILUENTS

MahaleNitin B^*1, Battase A.P².
¹Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.
²GovindraoNikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde, Tal ChiplunDistRatnagiri, (M.S), India.

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FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NOVEL ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF OLMESARTAN

Mahale Nitin B^*1, Battase A.P².
¹Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.
²GovindraoNikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde, Tal ChiplunDistRatnagiri, (M.S), India.

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ONE POT SYNTHESIS OF 1, 8- DIOXO -OCTAHYDROXANTHENES IN AQUASE PHASE USING ? - CYCLODEXTRIN AS AN EFFICIENT AND GREEN CATALYST

Shankar P Hangirgekar*, Vijay V Kumbhar,Navanand B Wadwale
School of Chemical Sciences, S.R.T.M.University, Nanded-431606, Maharashtra India.

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PHYTONUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PROCESSED FLAXSEED

Dharshini¹, Dr.S.Sumayaa², Dr.T.Thirunalasundari ³

¹Research Scholar, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women, Kilakarai, Tamil Nadu, India.

²Head of the Department, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappali, Tamil Nadu, India.

³Principal, Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women, Kilakarai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Flax is a nutraceutical with many nutritional benefits. Aside from the vitamins, minerals, fiber and protein it contains some primary and secondary metabolites. Flaxseed is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids. Through its high concentration of alpha-linolenic acid, flax provides more omega-3 fatty acids than any other grain. (57% of its fatty acids are omega-3s.) As the health revolution continues to evolve, look for it to be added to more and more processed foods to attain the health smart claim. Flaxseed (FS), a whole grain used as a nutritional supplement, has gained popularity because it is a rich source of natural antioxidants. Dietary intake of polyphenols has been associated to reduce risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stress induced diabetes and cancer. This is probably due to their antioxidant properties. Many phenolic compounds have been detected in Flaxseed. Hence with the objectives to analyze the phytonutrient composition, assess the non-antioxidant enzymes vitamin A, E and C and find the antioxidant activity of processed flaxseed the study was carried out. The flaxseed was subjected to various methods of food processing like roasting, pressure cooking and soaking. The processed flaxseed was further analysed the primary and secondary metabolites and their antioxidants activity. This study does not show much variation in primary and secondary metabolites between the raw and roasted seeds. The acceptance and palatability was high in the case of roasted soybean and flaxseed because of their nutrients nutty flavour, colour and texture than the unprocessed seeds. Non- antioxidant enzymes, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C content was high in both soaked and roasted flaxseed. Antioxidant activity was high in roasted and soaked flaxseed. Thus the presence of these phytonutrient and antioxidant activity of processed namely roasted and soaked flaxseeds indicates that, it has a potential of being used in formulations prepared for food consumption. Flaxseed could also be a remedy for the major killer diseases like cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

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Flax is a nutraceutical with many nutritional benefits. Aside from the vitamins, minerals, fiber and protein it contains some primary and secondary metabolites. Flaxseed is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids. Through its high concentration of alpha-linolenic acid, flax provides more omega-3 fatty acids than any other grain. (57% of its fatty acids are omega-3s.) As the health revolution continues to evolve, look for it to be added to more and more processed foods to attain the health smart claim. Flaxseed (FS), a whole grain used as a nutritional supplement, has gained popularity because it is a rich source of natural antioxidants. Dietary intake of polyphenols has been associated to reduce risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stress induced diabetes and cancer. This is probably due to their antioxidant properties. Many phenolic compounds have been detected in Flaxseed. Hence with the objectives to analyze the phytonutrient composition, assess the non-antioxidant enzymes vitamin A, E and C and find the antioxidant activity of processed flaxseed the study was carried out. The flaxseed was subjected to various methods of food processing like roasting, pressure cooking and soaking. The processed flaxseed was further analysed the primary and secondary metabolites and their antioxidants activity. This study does not show much variation in primary and secondary metabolites between the raw and roasted seeds. The acceptance and palatability was high in the case of roasted soybean and flaxseed because of their nutrients nutty flavour, colour and texture than the unprocessed seeds. Non- antioxidant enzymes, vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C content was high in both soaked and roasted flaxseed. Antioxidant activity was high in roasted and soaked flaxseed. Thus the presence of these phytonutrient and antioxidant activity of processed namely roasted and soaked flaxseeds indicates that, it has a potential of being used in formulations prepared for food consumption. Flaxseed could also be a remedy for the major killer diseases like cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CHRONOMODULATED DRUG DELIVERY OF NISOLDIPINE

Raghavender Chenna¹, Y. Padmanabha Reddy²
¹Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, AP.
²Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ananthapuramu, AP.

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REVIEW ON VAGINAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Manikanta Kumar. Y.S.S
GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh.

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EFFECT OF LOW DOSE KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON TOURNIQUET INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN LOWER LIMB SURGERIES

Dr. Srishti Meghare, Dr.Kinna Shah, Dr. Bhavana Shah
Anesthesia Department, G C R I, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NANOEMULSION FOR IMPROVED ORAL DELIVERY OF LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE.

B. Kusum^*1, R. Shyamsunder²
¹Department of Pharmacy, University college of Technology, Osmania University, Telangana, INDIA.
²Head and Principal, University college of Technology, Osmania University, Telangana, INDIA.

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ANTIBIOTIC BEAD POUCHES IN OPEN FRACTURES: ELUTION OF ANTIBIOTICS FROM PMMA BEAD POUCHES IN OPEN FRACTURES

Dr S Amarnath M.S*, K Bindu Madhuri, L Tejaswi, A Chetanya Brahma, Dr Shaik Faizan Ali
Amar Orthopedic Hospital, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hindu college of Pharmacy, Guntur.

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MANAGEMENT PROCESSES DURING DRUG DEVELOPMENT: A SPECIAL REPORT ON RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN CROS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES

Amol B. Garde*, Dipali Jagtap, Ashish S. Pagariya
Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, Maharashtra.

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PREVALENCE OF SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY PATIENTS

Srichurnam Sreekar, Akhil Sunkari, Vedasamhitha Ramavarapu
Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

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Secondary hyperaparathyoidism occurs mainly due to chronic kidney disease which aggravates from stage 1-5, which is due to imbalance between calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the serious issue to be considered because of its complications including cardiovascular disease soft tissue and vascular calcification calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA). Our study was to find the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism that would help to find out the epidemiological spread of the disease that would help in improving the treatment effectiveness for the safety of the subjects. our study includes 60 subjects who are undergoing dialysis from 12 to 48 months of duration we found high prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with 66.6 % patients with IPTH levels over 300pg/ml, 83% of the patients were found to be hypocalcaemia and 75% of the patients were found to be having abnormal phosphorous levels with majority having high phosphorous levels so based on our study prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism was high which would results in serious complications like bone dystrophy which left untreated would result to death. The final result of our study include majority of the patient have secondary hyperparathyroidism which would results in further complications like bone dystrophy and cardiovascular abnormality left untreated would result in further menacing complications which left untreated would may lead to death of the patientsSecondary hyperaparathyoidism occurs mainly due to chronic kidney disease which aggravates from stage 1-5, which is due to imbalance between calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the serious issue to be considered because of its complications including cardiovascular disease soft tissue and vascular calcification calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA). Our study was to find the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism that would help to find out the epidemiological spread of the disease that would help in improving the treatment effectiveness for the safety of the subjects. our study includes 60 subjects who are undergoing dialysis from 12 to 48 months of duration we found high prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with 66.6 % patients with IPTH levels over 300pg/ml, 83% of the patients were found to be hypocalcaemia and 75% of the patients were found to be having abnormal phosphorous levels with majority having high phosphorous levels so based on our study prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism was high which would results in serious complications like bone dystrophy which left untreated would result to death. The final result of our study include majority of the patient have secondary hyperparathyroidism which would results in further complications like bone dystrophy and cardiovascular abnormality left untreated would result in further menacing complications which left untreated would may lead to death of the patients.

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Secondary hyperaparathyoidism occurs mainly due to chronic kidney disease which aggravates from stage 1-5, which is due to imbalance between calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the serious issue to be considered because of its complications including cardiovascular disease soft tissue and vascular calcification calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA). Our study was to find the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism that would help to find out the epidemiological spread of the disease that would help in improving the treatment effectiveness for the safety of the subjects. our study includes 60 subjects who are undergoing dialysis from 12 to 48 months of duration we found high prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with 66.6 % patients with IPTH levels over 300pg/ml, 83% of the patients were found to be hypocalcaemia and 75% of the patients were found to be having abnormal phosphorous levels with majority having high phosphorous levels so based on our study prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism was high which would results in serious complications like bone dystrophy which left untreated would result to death. The final result of our study include majority of the patient have secondary hyperparathyroidism which would results in further complications like bone dystrophy and cardiovascular abnormality left untreated would result in further menacing complications which left untreated would may lead to death of the patientsSecondary hyperaparathyoidism occurs mainly due to chronic kidney disease which aggravates from stage 1-5, which is due to imbalance between calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the serious issue to be considered because of its complications including cardiovascular disease soft tissue and vascular calcification calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA). Our study was to find the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism that would help to find out the epidemiological spread of the disease that would help in improving the treatment effectiveness for the safety of the subjects. our study includes 60 subjects who are undergoing dialysis from 12 to 48 months of duration we found high prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism with 66.6 % patients with IPTH levels over 300pg/ml, 83% of the patients were found to be hypocalcaemia and 75% of the patients were found to be having abnormal phosphorous levels with majority having high phosphorous levels so based on our study prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism was high which would results in serious complications like bone dystrophy which left untreated would result to death. The final result of our study include majority of the patient have secondary hyperparathyroidism which would results in further complications like bone dystrophy and cardiovascular abnormality left untreated would result in further menacing complications which left untreated would may lead to death of the patients.

STUDY OF SOYA (GLYCINE MAX L. MERR.) ON MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME, AN EXTRA-PHARMACOPIEAL DRUG.

Dr. Shibani Dash^*1, Dr. Siba Prasad Rout2
¹Department of Stri Roga and Prasuti Tantra, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India.
²Department of Dravyaguna, KATS Ayurveda Collage.

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PCSK9 INHIBITORS: TO SOLVE OUT MANY CVS PROBLEMS

Arlin George*, Naveen S, Abdul Haseeb, Sunitha Mukuntha, Dr.Vineeth Chandy
T John College of Pharmacy.

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INCIDENCE OF POST DURAL PUNCTURE HEADACHE AMONG THE PATIENTS OF AGE 30 TO 70 YEARS UNDERGOING ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY UNDER SPINAL ANESTHESIA AT KHYBER TEACHING HOSPITAL, PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

Asad khan*, Mati ullah, Hamaad
Institute of Paramedical Sciences (IPMS) a Constituent Institute of Khyber Medical university Peshawar, Pakistan.

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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL EMULGEL OF OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM AND MENTHA AREVENSIS LEAVES EXTRACT FOR ANTI-ACNE ACTIVITY

A. Susmitha, Dr. A. Seetha Devi
Department of Pharmaceutics, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Amaravathi Road,Guntur-522002, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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EVALUATION OF LEPIDIUM SATIVUM SEED MUCILAGE AS A BINDER IN TABLET FORMULATION

S. P. Chaudhari, H. N. Dhende
Dr.D.Y.Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi, Pune, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.

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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE TABLET DOSAGE FORM OF NAPROXEN SODIUM USING BILAYER TECHNOLOGY

Dr. M. Sunitha Reddy*, Goparaju Ramya, S. Muhammad Fazal Ul Haq
CPS, IST, JNTUH.

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REVIEW ARTICLE: QUALITY BY DESIGN (QbD)

Mimansha Patel
Department of Quality Assurance, India.

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INVITRO ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS ANTI DEPRESSANT DRUGS

Abhijit De^*1, Manisha Singh², Partha Chattopadhyay³
¹Bengal School of Technology, Hooghly, West Bengal, India.

²Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.

³National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India.

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FORMULATION AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISINTEGRATING TABLETS OF MONTELUKAST AND DESLORATADINE

K. L. Deepthi^*1, B. Chatrapathi, R. Bhaskar, B. Jairam, L. Gagan Kumar
Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh-532001.

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STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ARDISIA COLORATA

Rajib Das, Ashfaqur Rahman, Sukumar Bepary
¹Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
²East West University, Rampura, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
³Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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ENHANCEMENT OF SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION IN ABRUS PRECATORIUS LINN. VIA GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

Tanvi T. Sambre^*1, Tushar K. Sambre¹, Shivprasad H. Majumdar²
¹Priyadarshani Yashodhara College of Pharmacy Chandrapur, Bengali Camp Mul Road Chandrapur.
²Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara.

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A CASE REPORT ON THE SILENT EPIDEMIC OF CHLORTHALIDONE INDUCED HYPONATREMIA; ROLE OF CLINICAL PHARMACIST

Dr. Aneesha PK¹, Dr. Showjad Mohamed²
¹Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hayath Hospital.
²Department of Cardiology, Hayath Hospital.

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REVIEW ON FLUDIZED BED GRANULATION AND COATING USING FLUDIZED BED COATER

Mr. Paresh A Patil^1*, Mr. Dipesh R Karnavat², Ms. Swati V Chavan³.
¹Ahinsa Institute of Pharmacy, Dondaicha,Shindkheda,Dhule,425408.
²Ahinsa Institute of Pharmacy, Dondaicha,Shindkheda,Dhule,425408.
³R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur.

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DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STAVUDINE NIOSOMES

B. Ramesh, A. Ankarao, V. Vasu Naik, Dr. A. Seetha Devi, S. Meraj Sultana, A. Susmitha.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Amaravathi Road,Guntur-522002, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or other lipids. They are vesicular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers for amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. The main aim of this study is to formulate niosomes as carriers for delivery of Stavudine. Stavudine niosomes were prepared by ether injection method and thin film hydration method using drug, non-ionic surfactants(Span 20 and Span 80) and cholesterol in the ratio of (1:2:2, 1:4:2). The prepared niosomes were evaluated for the particle size and entrapment efficiency. The four formulations were prepared by thin film hydration and four formulations of were prepared by ether injection method. All eight formulations were compared for the evaluation parameters. The in-vitro drug release studies were performed for all the formulations (F1-F8) in phosphate buffer pH 7.4.Among the four formulations F4 formulation containing span 80 prepared by ether injection method was found to be best with entrapment efficiency of 79.42%, mean vesicular diameter of 4.80 ?m and percentage of drug release was found to be 90.23%. Among the four formulations of thin film hydration technique F8 formulation containing span 80 was found to be best with entrapment efficiency of 83.25%, mean vesicular diameter of 2.41 ?m. The percentage of drug release was found to be 96.12%. The encapsulation efficiency was found to increase when the surfactant concentration increases. The drug release for all the formulations was found to be zero order, which indicated that the drug release is independent of concentration and further the mechanism of drug release was found to be diffution controlled drug release. On comparing the all formulations of these two techniques F8 was considered as best formulation because of its more entrapment efficiency, high in-vitro drug release rate and greater stability

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Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or other lipids. They are vesicular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers for amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. The main aim of this study is to formulate niosomes as carriers for delivery of Stavudine. Stavudine niosomes were prepared by ether injection method and thin film hydration method using drug, non-ionic surfactants(Span 20 and Span 80) and cholesterol in the ratio of (1:2:2, 1:4:2). The prepared niosomes were evaluated for the particle size and entrapment efficiency. The four formulations were prepared by thin film hydration and four formulations of were prepared by ether injection method. All eight formulations were compared for the evaluation parameters. The in-vitro drug release studies were performed for all the formulations (F1-F8) in phosphate buffer pH 7.4.Among the four formulations F4 formulation containing span 80 prepared by ether injection method was found to be best with entrapment efficiency of 79.42%, mean vesicular diameter of 4.80 ?m and percentage of drug release was found to be 90.23%. Among the four formulations of thin film hydration technique F8 formulation containing span 80 was found to be best with entrapment efficiency of 83.25%, mean vesicular diameter of 2.41 ?m. The percentage of drug release was found to be 96.12%. The encapsulation efficiency was found to increase when the surfactant concentration increases. The drug release for all the formulations was found to be zero order, which indicated that the drug release is independent of concentration and further the mechanism of drug release was found to be diffution controlled drug release. On comparing the all formulations of these two techniques F8 was considered as best formulation because of its more entrapment efficiency, high in-vitro drug release rate and greater stability

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DILUTED FENTANYL, KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND PRIMING DOSE OF FENTANYL CITRATE ON CESSATION OF FENTANYL INDUCED COUGH (FIC)

Dr. Vidhi D Kantesariya, Dr. Kinna G Shah, Dr. Bipin M Patel
Department of Anaesthesia, GCRI Hospital, B J medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

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PHARMACOKINETIC/PHARMACODYNAMIC MODELING IN DRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Mohammed Haneefunnisa, Akula Prudhvi Sai Krishna
Gitam Institute of Pharmacy, Gitam (Deemed To Be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-45.

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The two domains in analytic pharmacology ambidextrous with optimizing dosing recommendations are pharmacokinetics and pharmaco dynamics. However, the account of these disciplines is bound if beheld in isolation. Pharmacokinetic/pharma codynamic (PK/PD) relationships and modeling builds the arch amid these two classical disciplines of clinical pharmacology. It links the concentration-time profile as adjourned by pharmacokinetics to the acuteness of observed response as quantified by pharmaco dynamics. Thus, the resulting so called chip PK/PD-models acquiesce the description of the complete time advance of the adapted and/or undesired effects in acknowledgment to a biologic therapy. PK/PD-modeling can annotate the adroit accord amid biologic exposure and acknowledgment and accommodate a bigger compassionate of the sequence of contest that after effect in the empiric biologic effect. This advice can again be acclimated to accumulate the biologic development process and dosage optimization. The purpose of this review was to systemize recent approaches on accompaniment of PK/PD modeling from an academic, automated and regulatory perspective.The two domains in analytic pharmacology ambidextrous with optimizing dosing recommendations are pharmacokinetics and pharmaco dynamics. However, the account of these disciplines is bound if beheld in isolation. Pharmacokinetic/pharma codynamic (PK/PD) relationships and modeling builds the arch amid these two classical disciplines of clinical pharmacology. It links the concentration-time profile as adjourned by pharmacokinetics to the acuteness of observed response as quantified by pharmaco dynamics. Thus, the resulting so called chip PK/PD-models acquiesce the description of the complete time advance of the adapted and/or undesired effects in acknowledgment to a biologic therapy. PK/PD-modeling can annotate the adroit accord amid biologic exposure and acknowledgment and accommodate a bigger compassionate of the sequence of contest that after effect in the empiric biologic effect. This advice can again be acclimated to accumulate the biologic development process and dosage optimization. The purpose of this review was to systemize recent approaches on accompaniment of PK/PD modeling from an academic, automated and regulatory perspective

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The two domains in analytic pharmacology ambidextrous with optimizing dosing recommendations are pharmacokinetics and pharmaco dynamics. However, the account of these disciplines is bound if beheld in isolation. Pharmacokinetic/pharma codynamic (PK/PD) relationships and modeling builds the arch amid these two classical disciplines of clinical pharmacology. It links the concentration-time profile as adjourned by pharmacokinetics to the acuteness of observed response as quantified by pharmaco dynamics. Thus, the resulting so called chip PK/PD-models acquiesce the description of the complete time advance of the adapted and/or undesired effects in acknowledgment to a biologic therapy. PK/PD-modeling can annotate the adroit accord amid biologic exposure and acknowledgment and accommodate a bigger compassionate of the sequence of contest that after effect in the empiric biologic effect. This advice can again be acclimated to accumulate the biologic development process and dosage optimization. The purpose of this review was to systemize recent approaches on accompaniment of PK/PD modeling from an academic, automated and regulatory perspective.The two domains in analytic pharmacology ambidextrous with optimizing dosing recommendations are pharmacokinetics and pharmaco dynamics. However, the account of these disciplines is bound if beheld in isolation. Pharmacokinetic/pharma codynamic (PK/PD) relationships and modeling builds the arch amid these two classical disciplines of clinical pharmacology. It links the concentration-time profile as adjourned by pharmacokinetics to the acuteness of observed response as quantified by pharmaco dynamics. Thus, the resulting so called chip PK/PD-models acquiesce the description of the complete time advance of the adapted and/or undesired effects in acknowledgment to a biologic therapy. PK/PD-modeling can annotate the adroit accord amid biologic exposure and acknowledgment and accommodate a bigger compassionate of the sequence of contest that after effect in the empiric biologic effect. This advice can again be acclimated to accumulate the biologic development process and dosage optimization. The purpose of this review was to systemize recent approaches on accompaniment of PK/PD modeling from an academic, automated and regulatory perspective

SCREENING OF BIOACTIVE EFFICIENCY ON CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (LINN) R. BR LEAVES AND STEMS.

Vijaya Subhashini, Dinakaran .S*
Department of Zoology, The Madura College, Madurai-625011.

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Calotropis gigantea is a milkweed, gigantic Swallow wort. Calotropis species is a common wasteland weed and are widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to extract n- heptane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from leaves and stems by Soxhlet method. To screen the presence of the bioactive compounds, was identified by phytochemical screening assays. To evaluate total antioxidant activity by various radical scavenging assays and to investigate the antimicrobial assays and bioassays such as mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity MTT Assay were performed. This study showed presence of various phytochemicals and the extracts were significantly showed more effective free radical scavenging activity. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stems showed good efficiency in antimicrobial activity, mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity assay showed potentially high values on ethyl acetate extract of leaves and stems. From the observed results Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br leaves and stems can be used as potentially active for various clinical purposes.Calotropis gigantea is a milkweed, gigantic Swallow wort. Calotropis species is a common wasteland weed and are widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to extract n- heptane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from leaves and stems by Soxhlet method. To screen the presence of the bioactive compounds, was identified by phytochemical screening assays. To evaluate total antioxidant activity by various radical scavenging assays and to investigate the antimicrobial assays and bioassays such as mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity MTT Assay were performed. This study showed presence of various phytochemicals and the extracts were significantly showed more effective free radical scavenging activity. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stems showed good efficiency in antimicrobial activity, mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity assay showed potentially high values on ethyl acetate extract of leaves and stems. From the observed results Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br leaves and stems can be used as potentially active for various clinical purposes.

Calotropis gigantea is a milkweed, gigantic Swallow wort. Calotropis species is a common wasteland weed and are widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to extract n- heptane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from leaves and stems by Soxhlet method. To screen the presence of the bioactive compounds, was identified by phytochemical screening assays. To evaluate total antioxidant activity by various radical scavenging assays and to investigate the antimicrobial assays and bioassays such as mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity MTT Assay were performed. This study showed presence of various phytochemicals and the extracts were significantly showed more effective free radical scavenging activity. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stems showed good efficiency in antimicrobial activity, mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity assay showed potentially high values on ethyl acetate extract of leaves and stems. From the observed results Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br leaves and stems can be used as potentially active for various clinical purposes.

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Calotropis gigantea is a milkweed, gigantic Swallow wort. Calotropis species is a common wasteland weed and are widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to extract n- heptane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from leaves and stems by Soxhlet method. To screen the presence of the bioactive compounds, was identified by phytochemical screening assays. To evaluate total antioxidant activity by various radical scavenging assays and to investigate the antimicrobial assays and bioassays such as mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity MTT Assay were performed. This study showed presence of various phytochemicals and the extracts were significantly showed more effective free radical scavenging activity. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stems showed good efficiency in antimicrobial activity, mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity assay showed potentially high values on ethyl acetate extract of leaves and stems. From the observed results Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br leaves and stems can be used as potentially active for various clinical purposes.Calotropis gigantea is a milkweed, gigantic Swallow wort. Calotropis species is a common wasteland weed and are widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to extract n- heptane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from leaves and stems by Soxhlet method. To screen the presence of the bioactive compounds, was identified by phytochemical screening assays. To evaluate total antioxidant activity by various radical scavenging assays and to investigate the antimicrobial assays and bioassays such as mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity MTT Assay were performed. This study showed presence of various phytochemicals and the extracts were significantly showed more effective free radical scavenging activity. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stems showed good efficiency in antimicrobial activity, mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity assay showed potentially high values on ethyl acetate extract of leaves and stems. From the observed results Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br leaves and stems can be used as potentially active for various clinical purposes.

Calotropis gigantea is a milkweed, gigantic Swallow wort. Calotropis species is a common wasteland weed and are widely used as alternative therapeutic tool for the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This study was designed to extract n- heptane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from leaves and stems by Soxhlet method. To screen the presence of the bioactive compounds, was identified by phytochemical screening assays. To evaluate total antioxidant activity by various radical scavenging assays and to investigate the antimicrobial assays and bioassays such as mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity MTT Assay were performed. This study showed presence of various phytochemicals and the extracts were significantly showed more effective free radical scavenging activity. Out of all the extracts, ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stems showed good efficiency in antimicrobial activity, mosquitocidal activity, antibiofilm activity, antiangiogenic assay and cytotoxicity assay showed potentially high values on ethyl acetate extract of leaves and stems. From the observed results Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br leaves and stems can be used as potentially active for various clinical purposes.