Welcome to Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

FEBRUARY 2021

FT-IR Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Atorvastatin calcium and Clopidogrel bisulphatein Combined Dosage Form

Anitha K^*¹, N. T. Rangari², T.M. Kalyankar³ and R.V. Birajdar³

¹Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram - 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

²KJs Educational Institute, Trinity College of Pharmacy, Yewalewadi, Pune-411048 Maharashtra, India.

³Department of Quality Assurance, School of Pharmacy, S. R. T. M. University, Vishnupuri, Nanded, Maharashtra 431606, India.

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SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ISONIAZID AND PYRIDOXINE

Anitha K*1, T. M. Kalyankar2, U. A. Khedkar2, R. B. Gholve2
1Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram - 515003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

2School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded - 431606, Maharashtra, India.

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SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF METFORMIN AND GLIBENCLAMIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION BY RP-HPLC

Anitha K¹, T. M. Kalyankar², V. B. Ingale² and Ashok P Gingine³

¹Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram-515003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

²School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded (431 606), MS India.

³School of Educational Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded (431 606), MS India.

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A VALIDATED RP- HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ARTESUNATE, SULFADOXINE AND PYRIMETHAMINE IN BULK AND TABLETS FORMULATION

Anitha K¹, T. M. Kalyankar², Khan Jawad S. A.² and Ashok P Gingine³
¹Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuram-515003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
²School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded (431 606), MS India.
³School of Educational Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded (431 606), MS India.

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A STUDY OF PATTERN OF REFERRALS IN LIAISON PSYCHIATRY

Dr Sally John^1*,Dr.Amrita Singam², Dr Sonia Mary Thomas³
¹Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi ,Wardha, Maharashtra Pin 442 001.
²Indira Gandhi Govt. Medical College, Department.of Pharmacology, Nagpur.
³Santhula Trust Hospital, Vadakkara, Oliyapuram P.O Kuthattukulam, Ernakulam Dt, Kerala.

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Liaison psychiatry specializes in bridging psychiatric services to other specialities. It has been actively intervening in the reduction of the communication gap between the various specialities in many health care setups. Thereby it provides them the ability to acquire adequate understanding about the intricacies involved in treating patients with physical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Efficient communication between different levels of care has a great impact on quality of health care. Objectives: To assess the source of referral, reason for referral, the psychiatric diagnosis of the patients referred and the Psychiatric treatment initiated by the referring team and the knowledge of the illness. Materials and method: The study was a cross sectional study conducted on the out patients and inpatients referred to the psychiatric department in a tertiary care hospital in central India. It was completed in the time period of 3 months from June 1st 2014 to August 15th 2014 with a sample size of 150 patients. All the referred patients were evaluated by a consultant psychiatrist and diagnosis was made according to the diagnostic guidelines of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases -10th Edition). Results: Out of the total number of patients who were referred 79(52.6%) patients were males and 71(47.3%) were females. The mean age of the study population was 36.01 years. A majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 21-30 years. A majority of the referrals were made from the department of medicine (n=76, 50.6%).The various reasons for psychiatric referral were analyzed and it was found that the most common reason was the presence abnormal behaviour (n=37, 24.6%). The most common psychiatric diagnosis made was substance use disorders (n=51, 34%) Conclusion: The observations of our study clearly show that there is significant gap existing in consultation liaison psychiatry as reflected in the profile and patterns referrals assessed. Early diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders in patients presenting to the other departments with various physical illnesses definitely hasten recovery, reduce morbidity and improve quality of life. The way ahead is too long in this field and the need for improving the liaison is crucial in reducing the burden of morbidity and improving the quality of life of the patient and their carers.

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Liaison psychiatry specializes in bridging psychiatric services to other specialities. It has been actively intervening in the reduction of the communication gap between the various specialities in many health care setups. Thereby it provides them the ability to acquire adequate understanding about the intricacies involved in treating patients with physical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Efficient communication between different levels of care has a great impact on quality of health care. Objectives: To assess the source of referral, reason for referral, the psychiatric diagnosis of the patients referred and the Psychiatric treatment initiated by the referring team and the knowledge of the illness. Materials and method: The study was a cross sectional study conducted on the out patients and inpatients referred to the psychiatric department in a tertiary care hospital in central India. It was completed in the time period of 3 months from June 1st 2014 to August 15th 2014 with a sample size of 150 patients. All the referred patients were evaluated by a consultant psychiatrist and diagnosis was made according to the diagnostic guidelines of ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases -10th Edition). Results: Out of the total number of patients who were referred 79(52.6%) patients were males and 71(47.3%) were females. The mean age of the study population was 36.01 years. A majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 21-30 years. A majority of the referrals were made from the department of medicine (n=76, 50.6%).The various reasons for psychiatric referral were analyzed and it was found that the most common reason was the presence abnormal behaviour (n=37, 24.6%). The most common psychiatric diagnosis made was substance use disorders (n=51, 34%) Conclusion: The observations of our study clearly show that there is significant gap existing in consultation liaison psychiatry as reflected in the profile and patterns referrals assessed. Early diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders in patients presenting to the other departments with various physical illnesses definitely hasten recovery, reduce morbidity and improve quality of life. The way ahead is too long in this field and the need for improving the liaison is crucial in reducing the burden of morbidity and improving the quality of life of the patient and their carers.

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF VALSARTAN USING SPRAY DRIED DILUENTS

MahaleNitin B^*1, Battase A.P².
¹Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.
²GovindraoNikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde, Tal ChiplunDistRatnagiri, (M.S), India.

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FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NOVEL ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF OLMESARTAN

Mahale Nitin B^*1, Battase A.P².
¹Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.
²GovindraoNikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde, Tal ChiplunDistRatnagiri, (M.S), India.

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ORAL FILMS: RECENT APPROACHES

B. Joshna^*, S. Janaki Devi , A. Rama Krishna
Gitam Institute Of Pharmacy, Gitam (Deemed to be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045.

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A SMALL REVIEW ON THEPROPERTIES OF NANOEMULSIONS

Mangalimahender, G. Lakshmi Devi^*, Koruboyina Shiva, Nuralommondal, Jvcsharma
Joginpally B.R pharmacy, Yenkapally, Moinabad, Rangareddy. Hyderabad-75, Telangana, India.

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Drug delivery systems are designed in order to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy of the drugs while reducing their toxicity. The modern drug dosage forms have been the result of a long scientific research in the field. Using sophisticated technologies and exploring novel excipients with outstanding physicochemical characteristics have led to the development of modern novel drug delivery systems from simple pills and mixtures. Emulsions are biphasic systems having one phase dispersed in the other phase in the form of droplets ranging in diameter from 0.1 to 100 ?m. Thermodynamically, they are unstable in nature, but can be made stable with the applications of emulsifiers or emulgents. , the surfactants used as emulsifiers are termed as interphaseor intermediate The Nanoemulsion term is used for thermodynamically stable isotropically clear dispersion of two immiscible liquids like water and oil stabilized through the surfactant molecules interfacial film. They are novel drug delivery systems in which oil is emulsified in an aqueous system in the form of droplets with a mean diameter 100-500 nm. Nanoemulsions have found wide spread applications as drug delivery vehicles due to some of their distinguished characteristics. There is a growing interest for using of Nano/sub-micron particles in the technology of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and also food industries. Nanoemulsions are also preferred due to their administration through multiple routes. They are used for efficient drug delivery through skin because of the large surface area they provide for the drug penetration. Moreover, they have been nontoxic and nonirritant to the mucous membrane and skin tissues. Their fluidity and avoidance of thickeners in theirformulations make them transparentwithaestheticphysicalappearance. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented to give basic ideas about properties of Nano emulsions, their preparation methods, and evaluations.

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Drug delivery systems are designed in order to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy of the drugs while reducing their toxicity. The modern drug dosage forms have been the result of a long scientific research in the field. Using sophisticated technologies and exploring novel excipients with outstanding physicochemical characteristics have led to the development of modern novel drug delivery systems from simple pills and mixtures. Emulsions are biphasic systems having one phase dispersed in the other phase in the form of droplets ranging in diameter from 0.1 to 100 ?m. Thermodynamically, they are unstable in nature, but can be made stable with the applications of emulsifiers or emulgents. , the surfactants used as emulsifiers are termed as interphaseor intermediate The Nanoemulsion term is used for thermodynamically stable isotropically clear dispersion of two immiscible liquids like water and oil stabilized through the surfactant molecules interfacial film. They are novel drug delivery systems in which oil is emulsified in an aqueous system in the form of droplets with a mean diameter 100-500 nm. Nanoemulsions have found wide spread applications as drug delivery vehicles due to some of their distinguished characteristics. There is a growing interest for using of Nano/sub-micron particles in the technology of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and also food industries. Nanoemulsions are also preferred due to their administration through multiple routes. They are used for efficient drug delivery through skin because of the large surface area they provide for the drug penetration. Moreover, they have been nontoxic and nonirritant to the mucous membrane and skin tissues. Their fluidity and avoidance of thickeners in theirformulations make them transparentwithaestheticphysicalappearance. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented to give basic ideas about properties of Nano emulsions, their preparation methods, and evaluations.

EVALUATION OF SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS AND DOXORUBICIN IN DMBA INDUCED BREAST CANCER IN RATS

Roohith, Minaz N, Ramesh B, Manjula G S
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Opposite Lalbagh Main gate, Hosur main road, Bengaluru 27, Karnataka, India.

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INVITRODRUG RELEASE STUDIES AND EVALUATION FOR CO-CRYSTALS OF ATAZANAVIR

Syeda Asra Banu^*1, Dr. Damineni Saritha¹, Dr. Anupama Koneru²
¹Department of Pharmaceutics, Sultan-Ul-Uloom College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
²Sultan-Ul-Uloom College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

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APPLICATION OF CO-CRYSTALS TECHNOLOGY IN PHARMACEUTICALS

Ashwini Gawade, Ashwin Kuchekar, Prajakta Wagh
School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad, MIT, WPU, Pune 411038.

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PHCOG REV.: PLANT REVIEW PHYTO-PHARMACOLOGY OF BARLERIA PRIONITIS LINN. - A REVIEW

Priyanka Namdeo*
Department of Pharmacology, Mittal Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal 400038 M.P. INDIA.

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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF BIOANALYTICAL UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARVEDILOL AND DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARVEDILOL IN BULK DRUG AND FORMULATION

A. L. Ware^1,2*, S.S. Pekamwar³
¹Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.
²Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kopargaon.
³Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded.

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PAVETTA INDICA: BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ITS AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS.

Thara K.M*
Department of Biotechnology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India.

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RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM

Sony, T. Hemant Kumar*, S. Y. Manjunath
Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Srikrupa Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siddipet-502 277 (TS), India.

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ANTIEPILEPTICS IN PREGNANCY: A REVIEW

Dr Akhila S Arjun*, Judy Thomas, Lini Raju
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Bapuji Pharmacy College, Davangere.

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INSILICO DOCKING AND MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATION STUDIES OF NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN FROM HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPHIC VIRUS

Ummehani A. Kallawala, Sharav A. Desai*, Dhananjay B. Meshram
Department of In-Silico Drug Discovery & Design, Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College, Vadodara-390019, Gujarat, India.

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A REVIEW ON IMPORTANCE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY SERVICES IN ONCOLOGY CARE CENTRE

Muchukota Sushma, Dr.E.Bhavya
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, VISTAS, Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF BIOANALYTICAL RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARVEDILOL AND DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARVEDILOL IN BULK DRUG AND FORMULATION

Ware Agasti L.^1,2*, Pekamwar S.S.³
¹Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.
²Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kopargaon.
³Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded.

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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF BIOANALYTICAL RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VALSARTAN AND DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VALSARTAN IN BULK DRUG AND FORMULATION

Ware Agasti L.^1,2*, Pekamwar S.S.³
¹Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.
²Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kopargaon.
³Swami Ramanand Tirth Marathwada University, Nanded.

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A STUDY OF DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION AMONG INPATIENT IN TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL.

Dr. Geetha Jayprakash, Dr. Jagrit Koirala*, Dr. Dipendra Thapa, Dr. Parthasaradhi Reddy, Dr. Peter Kandel, Dr. Shyam Nandan Yadav
RGUHS, India.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify Drug-Drug Interaction among the inpatient admitted in ICU and the Medical Ward of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. METHOD: This study was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of 6 months from July 2016 to January 2017 among inpatients of ICU and Medical Ward. The prescriptions having 2 or more drug and where DDIs was suspected were selected. The drugs in the prescription were analyzed through drug interaction checker software. The DDIs were classified based on the severity of Interactions, mechanism of interaction, the relation of disease and drug interaction, and the total number of drug prescribed were determined. RESULT: There was a total of 225 patients in our study. Out of 225(100%) total patients who had drug-drug interactions, There were a total of 72(32%) patients in ICU and a total of 153(68%) patient in the Medical Ward. An average of 7.625 drugs per prescription was prescribed in ICU and an average of 5.70 drugs per prescription were prescribed in Medical Ward. There were 1333 drug-drug interaction. Among them, 523 DDIs were in ICU and 810 DDIs were in the Medical Ward. A severity assessment showed that in both ICU and Medical ward, majority of interaction were moderate followed by minor interaction. In ICU (57.93%) and in the Medical Ward (62.96%) were moderate drug interaction respectively. On assessing the mechanism of DDIs, pharmacodynamic interaction in ICU were (34.99%) which was higher than pharmacokinetic interaction which was (33.46%) followed by unknown mechanism (31.54%). Whereas in Medical ward most of the interaction was pharmacokinetic Interaction (45.55%) followed by an unknown mechanism (30.74%) and pharmacodynamic interaction (23.70%). Finding of this study showed that cardiovascular disease had (24.28%) and respiratory disease had (18.54%) DDIs in ICU. Similarly, in the Medical Ward cardiovascular disease had (36.79%) and respiratory disease had (23.33%) DDIs. This study result showed that as the number of drug increases in a prescription, the number of DDIs also increases. The management required for DDIs in the study was Dosage adjustment which was 16% followed by monitoring drug level which was 15%. CONCLUSION: A significant number of drug interactions were seen in the prescription of the inpatient of ICU and Medical ward. The most prevailing interaction was Moderate interaction which was the highest number followed by minor interaction. Polypharmacy was the major factor responsible for DDIs. This study highlights the need for intense monitoring of patients to help detect and prevent them from serious health hazards associated with DDIs.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify Drug-Drug Interaction among the inpatient admitted in ICU and the Medical Ward of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. METHOD: This study was a prospective observational study conducted over a period of 6 months from July 2016 to January 2017 among inpatients of ICU and Medical Ward. The prescriptions having 2 or more drug and where DDIs was suspected were selected. The drugs in the prescription were analyzed through drug interaction checker software. The DDIs were classified based on the severity of Interactions, mechanism of interaction, the relation of disease and drug interaction, and the total number of drug prescribed were determined. RESULT: There was a total of 225 patients in our study. Out of 225(100%) total patients who had drug-drug interactions, There were a total of 72(32%) patients in ICU and a total of 153(68%) patient in the Medical Ward. An average of 7.625 drugs per prescription was prescribed in ICU and an average of 5.70 drugs per prescription were prescribed in Medical Ward. There were 1333 drug-drug interaction. Among them, 523 DDIs were in ICU and 810 DDIs were in the Medical Ward. A severity assessment showed that in both ICU and Medical ward, majority of interaction were moderate followed by minor interaction. In ICU (57.93%) and in the Medical Ward (62.96%) were moderate drug interaction respectively. On assessing the mechanism of DDIs, pharmacodynamic interaction in ICU were (34.99%) which was higher than pharmacokinetic interaction which was (33.46%) followed by unknown mechanism (31.54%). Whereas in Medical ward most of the interaction was pharmacokinetic Interaction (45.55%) followed by an unknown mechanism (30.74%) and pharmacodynamic interaction (23.70%). Finding of this study showed that cardiovascular disease had (24.28%) and respiratory disease had (18.54%) DDIs in ICU. Similarly, in the Medical Ward cardiovascular disease had (36.79%) and respiratory disease had (23.33%) DDIs. This study result showed that as the number of drug increases in a prescription, the number of DDIs also increases. The management required for DDIs in the study was Dosage adjustment which was 16% followed by monitoring drug level which was 15%. CONCLUSION: A significant number of drug interactions were seen in the prescription of the inpatient of ICU and Medical ward. The most prevailing interaction was Moderate interaction which was the highest number followed by minor interaction. Polypharmacy was the major factor responsible for DDIs. This study highlights the need for intense monitoring of patients to help detect and prevent them from serious health hazards associated with DDIs.

PREVALENCE OF HUMAN IMMUNO -DEFICIENCY VIRUS P24 ANTIGENEMIAS AND MOTHER -TO- CHILD TRANSMISSION RATE AMONG HIV 1 & 2 ANTIBODY- SERO-NEGATIVE APPARENTLY HEALTHY PREGNANT WOMEN IN CALABAR, NIGERIA.

Forwah Jacques Ndeh^*1, Ebot Walter Ojong², Uwem Okon Akpan³ & Immaculate Ihuoma Ekeagba⁴
¹Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

²Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon.

³Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

⁴WORCACCCE Group Integrated Health care Services, Training and Research Foundation (WGIHSTARF), P.O. Box 45 Bamenda, North West Region Cameroon.

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PATIENT MEDICATION COUNSELLING PRACTICE ON DISPENSING OF MEDICINES AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN OUTPATIENT PHARMACIES OF BAHIR DAR CITY, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA

Anteneh Mengist^1*, Ruth Wondie², Abel Lulie², Hayat Melkamu², Sefineh Fenta³
¹College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
²College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gamby Medical and Business College, Bahirdar, Ethiopia.
³College of Medicine and Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.

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Dispensing drugs with appropriate counseling is a critical part of the drug use process. Proper counseling will result in an improvement in patient compliance and its therapeutic outcome. Regardless of the modern facilities, extensive education, and careful diagnosis, in reality, inappropriate or incorrect dispensing results in all the benefits of the health care system valueless and contributes for the raise of drug resistance to a dangerously high level. Despite this, globally more than half of all medicines are dispensed or sold inappropriately. This study was aimed at assessing patient medication counseling practice on dispensing of medicines and its predictors in outpatient pharmacies of Bahir Dar city, 2020. A cross-sectional study was employed using an observational checklist and interviewer-administered questionnaire to all outpatient pharmacies of Bahir Dar city with considering only one dispenser as a participant from each outpatient pharmacies. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Out of 123 dispensers, only 59.3% of them have good patient counseling practice and no one delivers complete medication counseling for the patient in Bahir Dar city outpatient pharmacies. The most frequent drug information give to clients were unit dose (93.5%), frequency of administration (92.7%), and duration of therapy (76.4%). Whereas, drug storage places at home, what patients do if they miss a dose, and not sharing drugs with others were least frequently counseled. Educational qualifications, workload, and years of work experience affect medication counseling practice significantly. Patient medication counseling is still unacceptably low in Bahir Dar city outpatient pharmacies and it was significantly affected by patient load, educational qualification, and work experience. So, to come up with better improvement in patient medication counseling practice these factors need special focus by the concerned bodies.

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Dispensing drugs with appropriate counseling is a critical part of the drug use process. Proper counseling will result in an improvement in patient compliance and its therapeutic outcome. Regardless of the modern facilities, extensive education, and careful diagnosis, in reality, inappropriate or incorrect dispensing results in all the benefits of the health care system valueless and contributes for the raise of drug resistance to a dangerously high level. Despite this, globally more than half of all medicines are dispensed or sold inappropriately. This study was aimed at assessing patient medication counseling practice on dispensing of medicines and its predictors in outpatient pharmacies of Bahir Dar city, 2020. A cross-sectional study was employed using an observational checklist and interviewer-administered questionnaire to all outpatient pharmacies of Bahir Dar city with considering only one dispenser as a participant from each outpatient pharmacies. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Out of 123 dispensers, only 59.3% of them have good patient counseling practice and no one delivers complete medication counseling for the patient in Bahir Dar city outpatient pharmacies. The most frequent drug information give to clients were unit dose (93.5%), frequency of administration (92.7%), and duration of therapy (76.4%). Whereas, drug storage places at home, what patients do if they miss a dose, and not sharing drugs with others were least frequently counseled. Educational qualifications, workload, and years of work experience affect medication counseling practice significantly. Patient medication counseling is still unacceptably low in Bahir Dar city outpatient pharmacies and it was significantly affected by patient load, educational qualification, and work experience. So, to come up with better improvement in patient medication counseling practice these factors need special focus by the concerned bodies.

REVIEW ON PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS AS POTENTIAL ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AGENTS

Prashant Chavan¹, Amitkumar Raval¹, Avinash V. Patil^2*
¹Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, India.
²Smt. S. S. Patil College of Pharmacy, Chopda-425107, District Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India.

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Hypercholesterolemia is considered as one of the most important risk factors and thereby a primary therapeutic target. Measurement of serum lipid concentration helps in identifcation of the subject with cardio metabolic abnormalities or risk of cardiovascular diseases. Although, the benefits of lowering cholesterol level has been widely known for the prevention of heart diseases. AcetylCoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) are the new targets which are directly or indirectly involved in hyperlipidemia. The rising tide of obesity, diabetes and hypertension are collectively attributed to our reluctance to exercise and desire for fast food. Cessation of smoking, control of blood pressure and blood levels of glucose, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), as well as elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels remain the most effective long-term options for controlling atherosclerosis. Raised Cholesterol Situation and trends in india and globally is described. A variety of drugs used in the therapy belong to the classes of fibrates, statins, bile acid sequestrants, niacin derivatives, as well as, some newer drugs like ezetimibe, avasimibe, eflucimibe, lapaquinstat acetate, lomitapide mesylate, etc., are available in the present antihyperlipidemic therapy, but still there are problems associated with most of these currently available lipid lowering drugs. Current new drug discovery efforts to develop new molecules for antihyperlipidemic research involve focussing on various new molecular mechanisms of hyperlipidaemia and thereby several attractive molecular targets involved thereof in this process are being exploited. Peroxisome proliferation activated receptors (PPARs) [agonists of PPARs] is one of the most important target identified as antihyperlipidemic agents. This review deals with many new molecules may offer an insight for developing new leads for antihyperlipidemic therapy to budding researchers in this field.

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Hypercholesterolemia is considered as one of the most important risk factors and thereby a primary therapeutic target. Measurement of serum lipid concentration helps in identifcation of the subject with cardio metabolic abnormalities or risk of cardiovascular diseases. Although, the benefits of lowering cholesterol level has been widely known for the prevention of heart diseases. AcetylCoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) are the new targets which are directly or indirectly involved in hyperlipidemia. The rising tide of obesity, diabetes and hypertension are collectively attributed to our reluctance to exercise and desire for fast food. Cessation of smoking, control of blood pressure and blood levels of glucose, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), as well as elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels remain the most effective long-term options for controlling atherosclerosis. Raised Cholesterol Situation and trends in india and globally is described. A variety of drugs used in the therapy belong to the classes of fibrates, statins, bile acid sequestrants, niacin derivatives, as well as, some newer drugs like ezetimibe, avasimibe, eflucimibe, lapaquinstat acetate, lomitapide mesylate, etc., are available in the present antihyperlipidemic therapy, but still there are problems associated with most of these currently available lipid lowering drugs. Current new drug discovery efforts to develop new molecules for antihyperlipidemic research involve focussing on various new molecular mechanisms of hyperlipidaemia and thereby several attractive molecular targets involved thereof in this process are being exploited. Peroxisome proliferation activated receptors (PPARs) [agonists of PPARs] is one of the most important target identified as antihyperlipidemic agents. This review deals with many new molecules may offer an insight for developing new leads for antihyperlipidemic therapy to budding researchers in this field.

A REVIEW ON IMMUNITY BOOSTER- A HERBAL REMEDY TO FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19

Miss Dube Shubhada Bhausaheb, Deepak S Musmade, Swati. S. Pagar, Divya Kishor Vaykos & Sunanda Bhavrao kharat
Nandkumar Shinde College of Pharmacy, Vaijapur.

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This review focused on the use of plant?based foods and herbal pharmaceutical formulation for enhancing the immunity against COVID?19. In humans, corona viruses are causing the common cold and, recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) these present a major threat to public health. The novel corona virus has spread rapidly to multiple countries and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. COVID?19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant?based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up the immune system. By the use of plenty of water, minerals like magnesium and Zinc, micronutrients, herbs, food rich in vitamins C, D and E, and better life style one can promote the health and can overcome this infection. Various studies investigated that a powerful antioxidant glutathione and a bioflavonoid quercitin may prevent various infections including COVID?19. In conclusion, the plant?based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID?1This review focused on the use of plant?based foods and herbal pharmaceutical formulation for enhancing the immunity against COVID?19. In humans, corona viruses are causing the common cold and, recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) these present a major threat to public health. The novel corona virus has spread rapidly to multiple countries and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. COVID?19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant?based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up the immune system. By the use of plenty of water, minerals like magnesium and Zinc, micronutrients, herbs, food rich in vitamins C, D and E, and better life style one can promote the health and can overcome this infection. Various studies investigated that a powerful antioxidant glutathione and a bioflavonoid quercitin may prevent various infections including COVID?19. In conclusion, the plant?based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID?19.

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This review focused on the use of plant?based foods and herbal pharmaceutical formulation for enhancing the immunity against COVID?19. In humans, corona viruses are causing the common cold and, recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) these present a major threat to public health. The novel corona virus has spread rapidly to multiple countries and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. COVID?19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant?based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up the immune system. By the use of plenty of water, minerals like magnesium and Zinc, micronutrients, herbs, food rich in vitamins C, D and E, and better life style one can promote the health and can overcome this infection. Various studies investigated that a powerful antioxidant glutathione and a bioflavonoid quercitin may prevent various infections including COVID?19. In conclusion, the plant?based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID?1This review focused on the use of plant?based foods and herbal pharmaceutical formulation for enhancing the immunity against COVID?19. In humans, corona viruses are causing the common cold and, recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) these present a major threat to public health. The novel corona virus has spread rapidly to multiple countries and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. COVID?19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant?based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up the immune system. By the use of plenty of water, minerals like magnesium and Zinc, micronutrients, herbs, food rich in vitamins C, D and E, and better life style one can promote the health and can overcome this infection. Various studies investigated that a powerful antioxidant glutathione and a bioflavonoid quercitin may prevent various infections including COVID?19. In conclusion, the plant?based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID?19.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION & IN-VITRO ACTIVITY OF NEW SERIES OF COUMARIN SUBSTITUTED MERCAPTO-1, 3, 4-OXADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS GSK-3? INHIBITORS.

Purohit S.S.*, Kulkarni V.H., Joshi S.D.
S.E.T.’s College of Pharmacy, S.R.Nagar, Near Microwave Tower, Dharwad-580002, India.

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MENOPAUSAL TRANSITION - AYURVEDIC APPROACH

Thulasi V S^1*, Giby Thomas²
¹PG Scholar, Department of Prasutitantra and Streeroga, Government Ayurveda College, Trippunittura, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.
²Associate Professor, Department of Prasutitantra and Streeroga, Government Ayurveda College, Trippunittura, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

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Menopausal transition or perimenopause is the phase of aging process during which a woman passes from reproductive to non-reproductive stage. It is the period around the late reproductive years, usually late 40 s to early 50s. It begins with menstrual cycle irregularity and extends to one year after permanent cessation of menses. Most of the women begin to experience an array of physical, psychological, vasomotor and urogenital symptoms long before they meet the definition of menopause due to gradual loss of ovarian follicular activity. For about 20% of women with perimenopausal symptoms are highly problematic. In Ayurveda the term rajakshaya 1is used to denote the condition. As explained in classical references the normal menstrual flow is gradually decreases by the age of 50 yrsjara pakwa sareeranam yathi panchasata:kshayam.2 Rajas is considered as the upadhatu of rasa3 or raktha4.1 In perimenopausal period there is gradual depletion in the normal levels of dhatus which result in rajakshaya. Hence it is considered as a Swabhavabala pravrutta vyadhi5 and symptoms of jara or vardhakya are seen. In this period there is agni mandya, pitta kshaya, aggravation of vata along with kapha medo dushti and uttarothra dhatu kshaya occurs which ultimately results in rajakshaya. No direct description about perimenopausal symptoms are available in Ayurvedic classics.Various symptoms mentioned in samhithas in the context of yonirogas can be seen in perimenopausal period. Sometimes these symptoms may be troublesome and may affect the quality of life badly. Ayurveda offers effective modalities and herbal formulations for the management of perimenopausal symptoms. To cope up these and to get symptomatic relief these, the line of treatment should be rasayana, balya, dhatukrith and rasa raktha prasadana. Jwarasamaka or Santhapasamaka treatment principles can be adopted. Life style modifications which include balanced diet, exercises along with specific yogasanas and pranayama can also improve the quality of life in menopausal transition.

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Menopausal transition or perimenopause is the phase of aging process during which a woman passes from reproductive to non-reproductive stage. It is the period around the late reproductive years, usually late 40 s to early 50s. It begins with menstrual cycle irregularity and extends to one year after permanent cessation of menses. Most of the women begin to experience an array of physical, psychological, vasomotor and urogenital symptoms long before they meet the definition of menopause due to gradual loss of ovarian follicular activity. For about 20% of women with perimenopausal symptoms are highly problematic. In Ayurveda the term rajakshaya 1is used to denote the condition. As explained in classical references the normal menstrual flow is gradually decreases by the age of 50 yrsjara pakwa sareeranam yathi panchasata:kshayam.2 Rajas is considered as the upadhatu of rasa3 or raktha4.1 In perimenopausal period there is gradual depletion in the normal levels of dhatus which result in rajakshaya. Hence it is considered as a Swabhavabala pravrutta vyadhi5 and symptoms of jara or vardhakya are seen. In this period there is agni mandya, pitta kshaya, aggravation of vata along with kapha medo dushti and uttarothra dhatu kshaya occurs which ultimately results in rajakshaya. No direct description about perimenopausal symptoms are available in Ayurvedic classics.Various symptoms mentioned in samhithas in the context of yonirogas can be seen in perimenopausal period. Sometimes these symptoms may be troublesome and may affect the quality of life badly. Ayurveda offers effective modalities and herbal formulations for the management of perimenopausal symptoms. To cope up these and to get symptomatic relief these, the line of treatment should be rasayana, balya, dhatukrith and rasa raktha prasadana. Jwarasamaka or Santhapasamaka treatment principles can be adopted. Life style modifications which include balanced diet, exercises along with specific yogasanas and pranayama can also improve the quality of life in menopausal transition.

COVID-19 RECENT UPDATES AND THERAPEUTIC HOPE

Vishal B. Mahajan*, Rahul S. Taywade, Jitendra M. Choudhary, Sneha V. Mahajan, Sayali C. Dudhal*
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G S Moze College of Pharmacy,Wagholi, Pune.

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OVERVIEW OF NANO EMULSIONS: CONCEPT, FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATIONS.

Ghumare Rushikesh Ratnakar*, Pagar Swati Aappasaheb, Dube Shubhada Bhausaheb, Musmade Deepak Sitaram
SDSPM’s Nandkumar Shinde College of Pharmacy, Vaijapur, Tal- Vaijapur, Dist-Aurangabad, MS, India-423701.

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